¡úILC¤Ï¥±¥ó¥Ö¥ê¥Ã¥¸±Ñ¸¡¡¢»î¸³²ñ¾ì¤Ç¤¹
£²£°£°£·Ç¯£±£²·î¡¢¥±¥ó¥Ö¥ê¥Ã¥¸±Ñ¸ì¸¡Ä꤬ILC¹ñºÝ¸ì³Ø¥»¥ó¥¿¡¼Åìµþ¹»¤Ç¼Â»Ü¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
»î¸³ÆüÄø¤Ï°Ê²¼¤ÎÄ̤ê¤Ç¤¹¡£
FCE¡§¡¡£±£²·î£±£±Æü(²Ð¡Ë
CAE¡§¡¡£±£²·î£±£²Æü(¿å¡Ë
CPE¡§¡¡£±£²·î£±£³Æü(ÌÚ¡Ë
¢ã¼õ¸³²ñ¾ì¢ä
ILC¹ñºÝ¸ì³Ø¥»¥ó¥¿¡¼Åìµþ¹»
ÅìµþÅÔÀéÂåÅĶè±ÊÅÄÄ®£²¡Ý£´¡Ý£±£±¡¡¥Õ¥ì¥ó¥É¥Ó¥ë£²³¬
ÅÅÏá§£°£³¡Ý£µ£±£µ£·¡Ý£±£·£°£±
¼õ¸³¿½¹þ¤ß¤Î¾ÜºÙ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï²¼µ¤Þ¤Ç¤ªÌä¹ç¤»²¼¤µ¤¤¡£
¥ë¥Ê¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼¥Ê¥·¥ç¥Ê¥ë¾¾Ëܶµ¼¼
½»½ê: ĹÌ¾¾ËܻԸµÄ®1ÃúÌÜ£¹¡Ý£±£¶
ÅÅÏÃ: £°£²£¶£³-£³£´-£´£´£¸£±
µÆÃÓ¡¡·òɧ¤ÎTOEFL(R)iBT¼õ¸³Âθ³¥ì¥Ý¡¼¥È
»î¸³²ñ¾ì¤Ç¡¦¡¦¡¦
¤¤¤¤Ê¤ê²ñ¾ìÆþ¤ê¸ý¤Ç»ä¤Î̾Á°¤¬¼õ¸³¼Ô¥ê¥¹¥È¤«¤éϳ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤ï¤«¤ê¡¢¡Ö²ñ¾ì¤ò´Ö°ã¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤«¤Ê¡©¡×¤È»×¤Ã¤ÆÂ礤¤Ë¾Ç¤ê¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£·ë¶É¸þ¤³¤¦¤Î¼êÍî¤Á¤À¤Ã¤¿¤³¤È¤¬È½ÌÀ¤·¡¢°ì°Â¿´¡£¼Â»Ü¥µ¥¤¥É¤¬CBTʤ˽¬½Ï¤¹¤ë¤Î¤Ï¤Þ¤À»þ´Ö¤¬³Ý¤«¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë»×¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£
¼õ¸³¼Ô¤ÏÆþ¼¼½ç¤Ë»°¡¹¸Þ¡¹»î¸³¤ò³«»Ï¡£·ë²Ì¤È¤·¤ÆÂ¾¤Î¼õ¸³¼Ô¤¬¥Þ¥¤¥¯¤Ë¸þ¤«¤Ã¤ÆÏä¹À¼¤¬¤É¤¦¤·¤Æ¤â¼ª¤ËÆþ¤Ã¤Æ¤¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¤¡¢·ë¹½µ¤¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£¥Þ¥¤¥¯¤ä²»Î̤ΥÁ¥§¥Ã¥¯¤ò¤¹¤ëºÝ¡¢¼õ¸³¼Ô¤Ï ¡É Describe the city where you live.¡É ¤È¤¤¤¦¼ç»Ý¤Î»Ø¼¨¤Ë½¾¤Ã¤ÆÏä·¤Þ¤¹¡£¤Ç¤¹¤«¤é¡¢¼«Ê¬¤¬¥ê¡¼¥Ç¥£¥ó¥°¤ä¥ê¥¹¥Ë¥ó¥°¤ò¤ä¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ëºÇÃæ¤ËÎ٤οͤ¬ ¡È I live in Tokyo. It¡Çs a big city.¡É ¤Ê¤É¤ÈÏä·»Ï¤á¤Æ¤â¶Ã¤«¤Ê¤¤¤Ç¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡£²»¼Á¼«ÂΤϻä¤Îµ²±¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¿CBT¤Î¤â¤Î¤è¤ê¤«¤Ê¤ê²þÁ±¤µ¤ì¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë»×¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£°ìÀÎÁ°¤Þ¤Ç¤Î¥³¥ó¥Ô¥å¡¼¥¿¡¼Ï¿²»ÆÈÆÃ¤Î²»Èô¤Ó¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê´¶¿¨¤Ï¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¾Ã¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£
»î¸³ÆâÍÆ
¥ê¡¼¥Ç¥£¥ó¥°
CBT¤Î¥ê¡¼¥Ç¥£¥ó¥°¤ÇËþÅÀ¤ò»ý¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤Æ¤â¡¢iBT¤Ç°ì²óÌܤ«¤éËþÅÀ¤ò¼è¤ì¤ë¼õ¸³¼Ô¤ÏËØ¤É¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤Ç¤·¤ç¤¦¤«¡£ÆÃ¤Ë¡¢»þ´ÖÀ©¸Â¤Î¸·¤·¤µ¤Ï¤É¤ó¤Ê¤Ë¶¯Ä´¤·¤Æ¤â¶¯Ä´¤·²á¤®¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡££Ã£Â£Ô¤Î»þ´ÖÀ©¸Â¤Ï¡¢¥ê¡¼¥Ç¥£¥ó¥°Á´ÂΤÇÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤Î¤Ç¡¢¶ì¼ê¤Ê¥Ñ¥Ã¥»-¥¸¤äÀßÌä¤Ç¤«¤Ê¤ê»þ´Ö¤ò»È¤Ã¤Æ¤âÆÀ°ÕʬÌî¤ÇÈÔ²ó¤Ç¤¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤¹¤¬¡¢iBT¤Ç¤Ï¤½¤Î¼ê¤¬»È¤¨¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£Æó½½Ê¬¤Ç£±¥Ñ¥Ã¥»-¥¸¡¢¼¡¤Î£´£°Ê¬¤Ç£²¥Ñ¥Ã¥»-¥¸¡¢ºÇ¸å¤Î£´£°Ê¬¤Ç£²¥Ñ¥Ã¥»-¥¸¤È¤¤¤¦¤Õ¤¦¤ËºÙÀÚ¤ì¤ÇÀ©¸Â¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡££Ô£Ï£Å£Æ£Ì¤ÎÌäÂ꽸¤Ë¼è¤êÁȤà»þ¤â¡¢¤½¤ì°Ê³°¤ÇÉáÄ̤˱Ñʸ¤òÆÉ¤à»þ¤â¡¢¾ï¤Ë»þ´ÖÇÛʬ¤ò¸·¤·¤¯ÀßÄꤷ¤ÆÆÉ¤à·±Îý¤ò¤·¤Æ²¼¤µ¤¤¡£
»ÈÍѤµ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¥Ñ¥Ã¥»-¥¸¤Î¼Á¡Ê¸ì×äΥì¥Ù¥ë¡¢ÆâÍÆ¤ÎÀìÌçÀ¤Ê¤É¡Ë¤äÀßÌä¤ÎÆñ°×ÅÙ¼«ÂΤÏCBT¤ÈÈæ¤Ù¤Æ¤Û¤È¤ó¤ÉÊѤäƤ¤¤Þ¤»¤ó¤Ç¤·¤¿¡£ÆÉ¤Þ¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤Î̤ϳÊÃʤËÁý¤¨¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¢ÂÎÎÏŪ¤Ë¤ÏÁêÅö¤¤Ä¤¯¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¤¬¡£ÆñÌä¡¢´ñÌä¤ÎÎà¤Ï¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë»×¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£Æüº¢¤«¤é°ì¹Ô¤Ç¤â¿¤¯±Ñʸ¤òÆÉ¤ß¡¢°ì¸ì¤Ç¤â¿¤¯Ã±¸ì¤ò³Ð¤¨¤ë¡¢¤È¤¤¤¦ÃÏÆ»¤ÊÅØÎϤµ¤¨Ê§¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ì¤ÐÉݤì¤ë¤Ë¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£
¥ê¥¹¥Ë¥ó¥°
CBT¤ÈÈæ¤Ù¡¢¤Ï¤ë¤«¤ËÆñ¤·¤¯¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¡¢¤È¤¤¤¦°õ¾Ý¤Ï¼õ¤±¤Þ¤»¤ó¤Ç¤·¤¿¡£È¿ÂФˡ¢¥·¥ç¡¼¥È¥À¥¤¥¢¥í¥°¤¬¾Ã¤¨¡¢¸ý¸ìŪ¤Êɽ¸½¡¦¥¤¥Ç¥£¥ª¥à¤¬»î¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¯¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤Ï¡¢Â¿¤¯¤ÎÆüËܿͼõ¸³¼Ô¤Ë¤È¤Ã¤Æ¤ÏÂ礤ÊÉéô¤Î·Ú¸º¤È¤¤¤¨¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤Ç¤·¤ç¤¦¤«¡£
ÀßÌä¤Îºî¤êÊý¤ÏÁêÊѤï¤é¤º¤ª¸«»ö¡¢¤È¤¤¤¦¤·¤«¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£PBT, CBT»þÂ夫¤éƱ¤¸¤è¤¦¤Ê·¹¸þ¤¬Â³¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤¹¤¬¡¢»ÔÈΤÎTOEFLÌäÂ꽸¤È¡¢ETS¤¬¼Â»Ü¤¹¤ë¼ÂºÝ¤ÎTOEFL¤ÎºÇÂç¤Îº¹¤Ï¡¢¥ê¥¹¥Ë¥ó¥°¤ÎÂêºà¤ÎÁª¤ÓÊý¤ÈÀßÌä¤Îºî¤êÊý¤Ë¤¢¤ë¤È¸À¤¨¤ë¤Ç¤·¤ç¤¦¡£»ÔÈΤÎÌäÂ꽸¤Ç¤Ï¡¢Âêºà¤¬ÀìÌçŪ²á¤®¤¿¤ê¡¢ÀßÌ䤬ºÙ¤«¤¹¤®¤¿¤ê¤¹¤ë¥±¡¼¥¹¤¬Èó¾ï¤Ë¿¤¤¤Î¤Ç¤¹¤¬¡¢ËÜÈ֤Ǥϡ¢¥ì¥¯¥Á¥ã¡¼¤ä²ñÏäΥì¥Ù¥ë¤Ï°ìÈÌŪ²á¤®¤º¡¢¤«¤È¤¤¤Ã¤ÆÍ¾¤ê¤ËÀìÌçŪ¤Ç¤â¤Ê¤¤¡¢¤µ¤é¤ËÀßÌä¤âºÙ¤«¤¤ÆâÍÆ¤ÏÌä¤ï¤ºŽ¤¹ÖµÁ¤ä²ñÏäÎÂç¶Ú¤òª¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤ì¤ÐÀµ²ò¤Ç¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ëºî¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£¥ê¥¹¥Ë¥ó¥°¤Ç¤â¡¢ËèÆü¡¢¤³¤Ä¤³¤Ä»þ»ö±Ñ¸ì¤ä³Ø½ÑŪ¤Ê±Ñ¸ì¤òʹ¤Â³¤±¤Æ¤¤¤ì¤ÐiBT¤Ç¹âÆÀÅÀ¤ò¼è¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï²Äǽ¤Ç¤¹¡£
¥¹¥Ô¡¼¥¥ó¥°
¸Ä¿ÍŪ¤ËºÇ¤â·Ù²ü¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¿¥»¥¯¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ç¤¹¡£¤ä¤Ï¤ê¥ê¡¼¥Ç¥£¥ó¥°¤ä¥ê¥¹¥Ë¥ó¥°¤ËÈæ¤Ù¤ì¤Ð¡¢½é¤á¤Æ¤ÎÄ©Àï¤Ç¤·¤¿¤Î¤ÇÁêÅö¤Ë¶ÛÄ¥¤·¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£¶¯Ä´¤·¤¿¤¤¤³¤È¤¬Æó¤Ä¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
Âè°ì¤Ë¡¢¥¿¥¤¥Þ¡¼¤Ê¤É¤ò»È¤Ã¤ÆËÜÈÖ¤ÈÆ±¤¸»þ´ÖÀ©¸Â¤ÇÏä¹Îý½¬¤ÎÂçÀÚ¤µ¤Ç¤¹¡£²¿Ç¯¤â²ñÏóع»¤ËÄ̤俤ꡢ³¤³°À¸³è¤¬Ä¹¤¯¥¹¥Ô¡¼¥¥ó¥°¤Ë¤Ï¼«¿®¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¢¤È¤¤¤¦¿Í¤¿¤Á¤Ç¤â¡¢TOEFL¤Î·Á¼°¤Ë´·¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢¥Ñ¥Ë¥Ã¥¯¤Ë´Ù¤Ã¤Æ£¶£°ÉÃÃæ£µ£°ÉÃÄÀÌÛ¤·¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤Ã¤¿¤ê¡¢È¿ÂФËÁ°ÃÖ¤¤À¤±¤Ç½ª¤ï¤Ã¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤Ã¤¿¤ê¤¹¤ë²ÄǽÀ¤¬¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
ÂèÆó¤Ë¡¢¥¤¥ó¥Æ¥°¥ì¥¤¥Æ¥Ã¥É¥¿¥¹¥¯¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¥Î¡¼¥È¥Æ¡¼¥¥ó¥°¤ÎÂçÀÚ¤µ¤Ç¤¹¡£¤È¤ê¤¢¤¨¤º¥¡¼¥ï¡¼¥É¤À¤±¤Ç¤â·ë¹½¤Ç¤¹¤«¤é¡¢½ÐÍè¤ë¸Â¤ê½ñ¤Î±¤á¤Æ²¼¤µ¤¤¡£Ã±¸ì¤À¤±¤Ç¤â¼ê¸µ¤Ë¤¢¤ë¤È¡¢¤½¤³¤«¤é°ò¤Å¤ë¼°¤Ë»×¤¤½Ð¤·¤Æ¤½¤ì¤Ê¤ê¤ËÏ令ë¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¹¡£
¥é¥¤¥Æ¥£¥ó¥°
¥¤¥ó¥Æ¥°¥ì¥¤¥Æ¥Ã¥É¥¿¥¹¥¯¤Ë´Ø¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¢´ðËÜŪ¤Ë¤Ï¥ê¡¼¥Ç¥£¥ó¥°¤È¥ê¥¹¥Ë¥ó¥°¤È¥Æ¥¹¥È¤À¤È»×¤Ã¤Æ¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡£¤¤Á¤ó¤ÈÆÉ¤ß¡¢Ê¹¤¼è¤ê¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤µ¤¨¤Ç¤¤ì¤Ð¡¢¤½¤ÎÆâÍÆ¤ò£²£°Ê¬¤Ç½ñ¤¤¤Æ¤Þ¤È¤á¤ë¤³¤È¤ËÆÃÊ̤κ¤Æñ¤Ïȼ¤¤¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£ÆÃ¤Ë¥ê¡¼¥Ç¥£¥ó¥°¥Ñ¥Ã¥»-¥¸¤¬¡¢¥é¥¤¥Æ¥£¥ó¥°Ãæ¤Ë¤â²èÌ̾å¤ÇÆÉ¤á¤ë¤Î¤ÏËÜÅö¤Ë½õ¤«¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£¥ê¥¹¥Ë¥ó¥°¥Ñ¥Ã¥»-¥¸¤ÎÆâÍÆÇİ®¤È¥Î¡¼¥È¥Æ¡¼¥¥ó¥°¤ËÁ´ÎϤòÃí¤®¤Þ¤·¤ç¤¦¡£
¥¤¥ó¥Ç¥Ú¥ó¥Ç¥ó¥È¥¿¥¹¥¯¤Ç»ä¤Ë²Ý¤µ¤ì¤¿¥È¥Ô¥Ã¥¯¤Ï¡¢¡ÖÂåÂØ¥¨¥Í¥ë¥®¡¼¡ÊÂÀÍÛ¡¢ÃÏÇ®¡¢É÷ÎϤʤɡˤϾÍèÀÐÌý¡¦ÀÐú¤Ë¼è¤Ã¤ÆÂå¤ï¤ë¤«¡©¶ñÂÎŪ¤Ë¡¢¾ÜºÙ¤ËÏÀ¤¼¤è¡£¡×¤È¤¤¤¦¤â¤Î¤Ç¤·¤¿¡£¤³¤³¤Ç¤Ò¤È¤Ä¤À¤±TOEFL¤ËÂФ·¤ÆÉÔËþ¤ò¸À¤ï¤»¤Æ¤â¤é¤¦¤È¡¢É½¸þ¤¡¢TOEFL¤Ï±Ñ¸ì¤Î¸ì³ØÎϤòÌ䤦¥Æ¥¹¥È¤Ç¡¢ÀìÌçŪ¤ÊÃ챤ÏɬÍפǤϤʤ¤¤·¡¢¤¢¤ëʬÌî¤ËÀºÄ̤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤«¤éÍÍø¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤³¤È¤â¤Ê¤¤¡¢¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£¤·¤«¤·¡¢¤³¤Î¥È¥Ô¥Ã¥¯¤Ç¤Ï¡¢±Ñ¸ì¤¬¤É¤ó¤Ê¤Ë¤Ç¤¤Æ¤â¡¢¶ñÂÎŪ¤ÊÀ¤³¦¤Î¥¨¥Í¥ë¥®¡¼»ö¾ð¤òÃΤé¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð²¿¤â½ñ¤±¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£»¿À®¡¢È¿ÂФÎÁíÏÀ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¢¶ñÂÎŪ¤Ë¡¢¾ÜºÙ¤Ë½Ò¤Ù¤è¡¢¤È¸À¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤ï¤±¤Ç¤¹¤«¤é¡£»Äǰ¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢¼çƳ¸¢¤ÏTOEFL¤¬É´¥Ñ¡¼¥»¥ó¥È°®¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¤«¤é¡¢¼õ¸³¼Ô¤Ï½¾¤¦¤·¤«¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£¤ª¤½¤é¤¯¡¢¤³¤ó¤Ê¥È¥Ô¥Ã¥¯¤¬Â¿¤¯½ÐÂꤵ¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤·¤ç¤¦¡£Í£°ì¤ÎÂй³ºö¤Ï¡¢Æüº¢¤«¤é±Ñ¸ì¤òÊÙ¶¯¤¹¤ë¤ÈƱ»þ¤Ë¡¢À¤³¦Ãæ¤Î¤¢¤é¤æ¤ë»öÊÁ¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¸«Ê¹¤ò¹¤á¡¢¼«Ê¬¤Ê¤ê¤Î¹Í¤¨¤ò¤Þ¤È¤á¤ë¤³¤È¤Ç¤¹¡£
½ª¤ê¤Ë¡¦¡¦¡¦
º£¤Þ¤Ç»ä¤¬¼õ¤±¤¿±Ñ¸ì¤Î¥Æ¥¹¥È¤Î¤Ê¤«¤Ç, Àº¿ÀŪ¤Ë¤âÂÎÎÏŪ¤Ë¤âºÇ¤â¤¤Ä¤¤¥Æ¥¹¥È¤Î°ì¤Ä¤Ç¤·¤¿¡£¤Þ¤¿¡¢Æ±»þ¤Ë¤â¤Ã¤È¤â½¼¼Â´¶¤Î»Ä¤ë¥Æ¥¹¥È¤Ç¤â¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£Éݤ¬¤é¤º¤Ë¤È¤ê¤¢¤¨¤º¥Á¥ã¥ì¥ó¥¸¤·¤Æ²¼¤µ¤¤¡£¤è¤Û¤É¤Î¾åµé¼Ô¤Ç¤â¡¢Æó²ó¡¢»°²ó¤È·«¤êÊÖ¤·¼õ¸³¤·¤Æ´·¤ì¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢½½Ê¬¤Ë¼ÂÎϤòȯ´ø¤¹¤ë¤Î¤Ï̵Íý¤À¤È»×¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£
¡Ø½µ´©ST¡Ù7/23¡ÖTOEFL® iBTÂкö¹ÖºÂ¡×ÌäÂê
Fossils
- Fossils are the remains and traces of past life or any other direct evidence of past life. Traces include trails, footprints, burrows, worm casts, or even preserved droppings. Usually when an organism dies, the soft parts are either consumed by scavengers or undergo bacterial decomposition. Occasionally, the organism is buried quickly and in such a way that decomposition is never completed or is completed so slowly that the soft parts leave an imprint of their structure. Most fossils, however, consist only of hard parts such as shells, bones or teeth, because these are usually not consumed or destroyed.
- The great majority of fossils are found embedded in or recently eroded from sedimentary rock. Sedimentation, a process that has been going on since the earth was formed, can take place on land or in bodies of water. Weathering and erosion of rocks produces an accumulation of particles that vary in size and nature and are called sediment. Sediment becomes a stratum (plural, strata), a recognizable layer in a stratigraphic sequence. Any given stratum is older than the one above it and younger than the one immediately below it.
- The fossils trapped in strata are the fossil record that tells us about the history of life. Palaeontology is the science of discovering and studying the fossil record and, from it, making decisions about the history of life. Palaeontologists not only want to know the structure and adaptations of an organism, they are also interested in how the organism interacted with others and with the physical environment.
- In the early nineteenth century, even before the theory of evolution was formulated, geologists sought to [correlate] the strata worldwide. The problem was that strata change their character over great distances, and therefore a stratum in England might contain different sediments than one of the same age in Russia. Geologists discovered, however, that a stratum of the same age tend to contain the same fossil, and therefore, fossils could be used for the purpose of relative dating of the strata. For example, a particular species of fossil ammonite (an animal related to the chambered nautilus) has been found over a wide range and for a limited time period. Therefore, all strata around the world that contain this fossil must be of the same age .
- This approach helped geologists determine the relative dates of the strata despite upheavals, but it was not particularly helpful to biologists who wanted to know the absolute age of fossils in years.
- The absolute dating method that relies on radioactive dating techniques assigns an actual date to a fossil. All radioactive isotopes have a particular half-life, the length of time it takes for half of the radioactive isotope to change into another stable element. If the fossil has organic matter, half of the carbon-14, 14C, will have changed to nitrogen-14, 14N, in 5,730 years. [A] In order to know how much 14C was in the organism to begin with, it is reasoned that organic matter always begins with the same amount of 14C. [B] (In reality, it is known that the 14C levels in the air — and therefore the amount in organisms — can vary from time to time.) [C] Now we need only compare the 14C radioactivity of the fossil to that of a modern sample of organic matter. The amount of radiation left can be converted to the age of the fossil. [D]
- 14C is the only radioactive isotope contained within organic matter, but it is possible to use others to date rocks and from that infer the age of a fossil contained in the rock. For instance, the ratio of potassium-40 (40K) to argon-40 trapped in rock is often used. If the ratio is 1:1, then half of the 40K has decayed and the rock is 1.3 billion years old. The ratio of isotope uranium-238 to lead-207 can be used only for rocks older than 100 million years. This isotope has such a long half-life that no perceptible decay will have occurred in a shorter length of time.
- According to the passage, a fossil is
- anything that tells us about past life.
- the hard parts of an animal.
- an animal that was buried quickly.
- another word for a trace.
- It is stated in the passage that
- strata are formed by sedimentation.
- strata are formed by volcanic activity.
- newer strata are found below older ones.
- all fossils are found in sedimentary rock.
- The problem nineteenth century geologists had was that
- different fossils are found in different countries.
- different rocks are found in different countries.
- different strata are found in different countries.
- strata in some countries are older than in others..
- It can be inferred from the passage that
- the theory of evolution was formulated after 1800.
- fossils were not discovered until the nineteenth century.
- palaeontology is younger than the theory of evolution.
- geology began in the nineteenth century.
- Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
- The age of a stratum can be deduced from the fossils it contains.
- The fossil ammonite can be found in different parts of the world.
- Strata have different characteristics in different parts of the world.
- The study of strata is known as stratigraphy
- Look at the word correlate in paragraph 4. This word could best be replaced by
- study
- match
- date
- analyze
- Look at the word relativein paragraph 5. This word could best be replaced by
- exact
- approximate
- comparative
- actual
- What is radioactive dating used for?
- To establish the absolute age of a fossil.
- To establish which strata are older than others.
- To determine what kind of rock a fossil is found in.
- To determine what kind of matter a fossil contains.
- The following sentence can be added to the passage. ¡ÈAfter 50,000 years, however, the amount of 14C radioactivity is so low it cannot be used to measure the age of a fossil accurately.¡ÉWhere would it best fit?
- A
- B
- C
- D
- What disadvantage of uranium-238 is mentioned?
- It is only found in rocks over 100 million years old.
- It cannot be used to date recent rocks.
- Very few rocks contain it.
- It is difficult to date rocks accurately using it.
- What is the main topic of this passage?<
- The history of Palaeontology.
- How we can learn from fossils.
- The differences between types of rock.
- How radioactivity can be used to date rocks.
- Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices (by numbering the boxes) that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Fossils are the record of the development of life on earth.
Answer Choices ¢¢¡¡It is possible to know the relative ages of fossils from the strata they are found in.
¢¢¡¡Many fossils are preserved in museums.
¢¢¡¡However to find their absolute age, it is necessary to use radioactive dating.
¢¢¡¡Ammonite fossils can be found in many parts of the world.
¢¢¡¡Most fossils are found in layers of sedimentary rock known as strata.
¢¢¡¡Fossils can include traces such as footprints.
Number the boxes according to where the answer choices belong in the summary.
¡Ø½µ´©ST¡Ù6/25¡ÖTOEFL® iBTÂкö¹ÖºÂ¡×²òÀâ
Á°²óƱÍÍ¡¢³ÆÃÊÍî¤ÎÆâÍÆ¤òû¤¤¥á¥â¤Ë¤Þ¤È¤á¤ë¤³¤È¤«¤é»Ï¤á¤Þ¤¹¡£
Âè°ìÃÊÍÂèÆó¼¡ÂçÀï¸å¤Î¥Æ¥ì¥ÓÊüÁ÷¤Îȯã
ÂèÆóÃÊÍ£µ£°Ç¯Âå¡¢¹¹ð¤È¾¦¶È¼çµÁ¤ÎÈÅÍô¤Èʸ²½Åª¶Ñ°ì²½
Âè»°ÃÊÍ£¶£°Ç¯Âå¡¢ÂÎÀ©Â¦¡¢È¿ÂÎÀ©Â¦ÁÐÊý¤ÎÂåÊÛ¼Ô
Âè»ÍÃÊÍÀ¯¼£²È¤Ë¤è¤ë¥Æ¥ì¥Ó¤ÎÍøÍÑ
Âè¸ÞÃÊÍPBS¡Ê¸ø¶¦ÊüÁ÷¡Ë¤ÎÀßΩ
ÂèÏ»ÃÊÍÍÍ¡¹¤ÊΩ¾ì¤«¤é¤Î¥Æ¥ì¥ÓÈãȽ
¤³¤Îºî¶È¤Ë¤è¤ê¡¢3,5,7,9 ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¥¿¥¤¥×¤ÎÀßÌä¤¬Èæ³ÓŪ³Ú¤Ë²ò¤±¤Þ¤¹¡£
¡¡
ÀßÌä 1, Àµ²ò B¡£·ÁÍÆ»ì chaotic ¤Î̾»ì·Á¤Ï chaos ¤Ç¡¢´û¤Ë¡Ö¥«¥ª¥¹¡×¤È¤·¤ÆÆüËܸ첽¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£¥ê¥¹¥Ë¥ó¥°¤Î¥¡¼¥ï¡¼¥É¤È¤·¤Æ¤â¤·¤Ð¤·¤Ð»È¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¤Î¤ÇÀµ³Î¤Êȯ²»¤â³Ð¤¨¤Æ¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡£´º¤¨¤Æ¥«¥¿¥«¥Êɽµ¤¹¤ë¤È¡¢chaotic ¤¬¡Ö¥±¥¤¥¢¡¼¥Æ¥£¥Ã¥¯¡×¡¢chaos ¤¬¡Ö¥±¥¤¥¡¥¹¡×¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
ÀßÌä 2 ,Àµ²ò A¡£
ÀßÌä 3, Àµ²òD¡£ ¤¿¤À¤·¡¢¥Ñ¥Ã¥»-¥¸Æâ¤Î¡Èhomogenize¡É ( ¶Ñ°ì²½¤¹¤ë )¡¢ ¡Èconformity¡É ( »öÂç¼çµÁ¡¢²è°ìÀ )¡¢ ¡È to exclude diversity¡É ( ¿ÍÍÀ¤ÎÇÓ½ü ) ¤äÁªÂò»èDÆâ¤Î ¡Èuniformity¡É ( Åý°ìÀ ) ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¸°¤Ë¤Ê¤ëñ¸ì¡¢É½¸½¤òÃΤé¤Ê¤±¤ì¤ÐÀµ²ò¤¹¤ë¥Á¥ã¥ó¥¹¤Ï¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£¤Á¤Ê¤ß¤Ëº£²ó¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤¿ÌäÂê¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¤¤¤ï¤æ¤ëÀìÌçÍѸì¤È¸À¤¨¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ï¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£½¾¤Ã¤Æ¡¢Ì¤ÃΤÎñ¸ì¤¬¤¢¤Ã¤¿¤éÁ´¤Æ³Ð¤¨¤Æ²¼¤µ¤¤¡£
ÀßÌä 4, Àµ²ò B¡£
ÀßÌä 5, Àµ²òC¡£¤³¤ÎÀßÌä¤Ç¤ÏÆÃ¤ËÃÊÍî¤Î»ØÄ꤬¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¤¬¡¢¥ê¡¼¥Ç¥£¥ó¥°ÌäÂê¤Ç¤Ï³ÆÀßÌä¤ò²ò¤¯¤¿¤á¤Î¸°¤Ë¤Ê¤ëÉôʬ¤Ï¡¢ÀßÌäÈÖ¹æ¤Î¼ã¤¤½ç¤Ë¥Ñ¥Ã¥»-¥¸¤Ë¸½¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¤¢¤ï¤Æ¤º°ìÌä°ìÌä¡¢¸°¤Ë¤Ê¤ëÉôʬ¤òÁܤ·¤Æ¤¤¤¤Þ¤·¤ç¤¦¡£Âè»°ÃÊÍî¤ÎºÇ¸å¤Î¥»¥ó¥Æ¥ó¥¹¤¬¤ä¤äÆñ²ò¤Ç¤¹¤Î¤Ç°ÕÌõ¤òÉÕ¤·¤Æ¤ª¤¤Þ¤¹¡£¡Ö£±£¹£¶£°Ç¯Âå¤Î¥Æ¥ì¥Ó¤ÏÂÎÀ©Â¦¤ÈÈ¿ÂÎÀ©Â¦¤ÎÁÐÊý¤ÎÂåÊۼԤȤ·¤Æ¤ÎÌò³ä¤ò²Ì¤¿¤·¤¿¡£¤Ä¤Þ¤ê¡¢¥¢¥á¥ê¥«¿Í¤ò°ìÂβ½¤ØÆ³¤¯¤è¤¦¤Ê±ÇÁü¤òή¤·¤¿°ìÊý¤Ç¡¢¹ñÆâ¤Î¿Í¼ï´Ö¤Î¡¢³¬Áش֤Ρ¢°¿¤¤¤ÏÃ˽÷´Ö¤ÎÂÐΩ¤òÈ¿±Ç¤·¤¿¡¢»þ¤Ë¤Ï·ã²½¤µ¤»¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ê±ÇÁü¤âή¤·¤¿¡£¡×¡ÊºÇ¸å¤«¤éÆó¹ÔÌÜ¡¢others ¤Ï other images ¤ò»Ø¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£¡Ë
ÀßÌä 6, Àµ²òB¡£¸ì×ÃÌäÂê¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¤«¤Ê¤ê¹â¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Ç¤¹¡£ exacerbate ¤ÏÆóÉ´¸Þ½½ÅÀ¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Îư»ì¤Ç¤¹¡£
ÀßÌä 7, Àµ²ò B¡£
ÀßÌä 8, Àµ²ò A¡£ÉÔÀµ²ò¤ÎÃæ¤Ç¤ÏÁªÂò»è B ¤¬°ìÈÖÀˤ·¤¤¤Î¤Ç¤¹¤¬¡¢À¯ÉܤξðÊó¤ò̵ÈãȽ¤Ë¼õ¤±Æþ¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤È¡¢À¯Éܤòµ®½Å¤Ê¾ðÊ󸻤Ȥ·¤Æ¤ß¤Ê¤¹¤³¤È¤ÏƱ¤¸°ÕÌ£¤È¤Ï¤¤¤¨¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤Ç¤ä¤Ï¤ê´Ö°ã¤¤¤Ç¤¹¡£
ÀßÌä 9, Àµ²ò B¡£
ÀßÌä 10, Àµ²ò D¡£
ºÇ¸å¤Ë¤¤¤Ä¤â¿¤¯¤Î¼õ¸³¼Ô¤òǺ¤Þ¤»¤ëÁÞÆþÌäÂê 37¤ò¸«¤Þ¤·¤ç¤¦¡£ÁÞÆþÌäÂê¤Ç¤Ï¡¢Ä̾ÁÞÆþ¤µ¤ì¤ë¥»¥ó¥Æ¥ó¥¹¤ÎÃæ¤Î»Ø¼¨Âå̾»ì¡¢»Ø¼¨·ÁÍÆ»ì ( this, those Åù ) ¤ä¿Í¾ÎÂå̾»ì ( her, they Åù ) ¤¬¡¢¥Ò¥ó¥È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¥±¡¼¥¹¤¬ÂçȾ¤Ç¤¹¡£¤³¤ì¤é¤Î¸ÀÍÕ¤¬»Ø¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë̾»ì¤òʸ°Õ¤«¤éÎà¿ä¤·¡¢¤½¤Îľ¸å¤ËÁÞÆþ¤¹¤ì¤Ð¤è¤¤Ìõ¤Ç¤¹¡£¤¿¤À¤·¡¢¤³¤Î²òË¡¤¬ÄÌÍѤ·¤Ê¤¤¾ì¹ç¤â¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£¤³¤³¤Ç¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤¿ÀßÌä 29 ¤â¤½¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊÌñ²ð¤Ê¥¿¥¤¥×¤Ç¤¹¡£ÁÞÆþʸ¤Ë»Ø¼¨Âå̾»ì¡¦·ÁÍÆ»ì¤äÂå̾»ì¤¬´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤Ç¡¢°ì¤Ä¤º¤ÄA,B,C,D¤Ë¤¢¤Æ¤Ï¤á¤Æ¡¢¾å¼ê¤¯Ê¸¤¬·Ò¤¬¤ë¤«¤É¤¦¤«¹Í¤¨¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£ÁÞÆþʸ¤ÎËÁƬ¤Ë also ¤¬ÃÖ¤«¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¤Î¤Ç¡¢¤³¤Îʸ¤Ï¡¢Ê¸²½É¾ÏÀ²È¡¢¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï¾¯¤Ê¤¯¤È¤â²¿¤«¤ÎʬÌî¤ÎɾÏÀ²È¤¬¥Æ¥ì¥Ó¤òÈãɾ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ëʸ¤Ë³¤¯°ÌÃÖ¤ËÍè¤ë¤Ù¤¤Ç¤¹¡£½¾¤Ã¤Æ¡¢A¤Ï¤¢¤êÆÀ¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£¤µ¤é¤ËÁÞÆþʸ¤Ï¤«¤Ê¤ê¸ÂÄêŪ¡¦¶ñÂÎŪ¤Ê¾ðÊó¤òÅÁ¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¤«¤é¡¢¤³¤ÎÃÊÍî¤Î¤Þ¤È¤á¡¢¤Ò¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¤³¤ÎŤ¤¥Ñ¥Ã¥»-¥¸¤Î¤Þ¤È¤á¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤Ù¤D¤Î°ÌÃÖ¤âÉÔŬÅö¤Ç¤¹¡£¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤ÇB¤«C¤Ë¹Ê¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£ºÇ¸å¤Ë¡¢¤Þ¤º±¦´ó¤ê¡¦º¸´ó¤ê¤ÎÀ¯¼£É¾ÏÀ²È¤Ë¤è¤ë¥Æ¥ì¥ÓÈãȽ¤ò¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¾Ò²ð¤·¡¢¤½¤Î¸å¡¢Ê¸²½É¾ÏÀ²È¤Î¼çÄ¥¤Ë¸ÀµÚ¤¹¤ë¡¢¤È¤¤¤¦¼«Á³¤Êή¤ì¤ò¤Ä¤¯¤ëÀµ²òC¤¬Æ³¤«¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
ÀßÌä 11, Àµ²ò C¡£
¡Ø½µ´©ST¡Ù6/25¡ÖTOEFL® iBTÂкö¹ÖºÂ¡×ÌäÂê
Television in the United States
- Although experimentation with television broadcasting began in the late 1920s, technical difficulties, corporate competition, and World War II postponed itsntroduction to the public until 1946. Television constituted a revolutionary change from radio, but its ntroduction was not as chaotic as that of radio, for an institutional framework already existed. The television boom occurred between 1949, when 940,000 households had a set, and 1953, when the number soared to 20 million.
- The rapid integration of television into American life coincided with the explosive rise of a consumer culture after the war. Pent-up demand fueled by the privations of the depression and the war, coupled with prosperity, was exploited by advertisers who turned to television to sell their products. In the early 1950s, many corporations produced and sponsored entire shows, and ads were at least one minute in length. But as programming became more expensive, and advertisers discovered that thirty-second spots were as effective as longer ones, shows were sponsored by several products, increasing dramatically the sheer number of commercials. As the pace and intensity of advertising increased, the images on television became more homogenized, portraying in such programs as ¡ÈLeave It to Beaver¡É and ¡ÈBonanza¡É idealized white middle-class families and norms. Advertisers¡Ç desires to appeal to the broadest possible audience, coupled with an atmosphere of conformity fueled by McCarthyism, blacklisting, and cold war paranoia, made programmers extremely cautious, and they pandered to the lowest common denominator. Television excluded diversity and elevated consumerism into a national obsession.
- Yet the voices of those ignored or betrayed broke through on television in the 1960s, primarily on the nightly news. The often horrifying footage of the civil rights movement, followed by John F. Kennedy¡Çs assassination, brought a new primacy to network news, which expanded from fifteen-minute to half-hour broadcasts in 1963. Soon television was bringing the Vietnam War, antiwar demonstrations, and the women¡Çs movement into the nation¡Çs homes. Television in the 1960s was an agent both of conformity and of rebellion, providing some images that unified America and others that reflected, and sometimes exacerbated, the country¡Çs deep racial, class, and gender divisions.
- Television has had both a salubrious and a corrupting effect on politics. Congressional investigations from the Army-McCarthy hearings in 1954 to Watergate in 1973 and the Iran-Contra hearings in 1988 exposed the wrongdoings of government officials. But politicians also learned to be cautious and calculating in their use of television. They emphasized appearances, exploited visual symbols, and stage-managed the news whenever possible. Television journalists, dependent on highly placed sources and government handouts, were not inclined to challenge official versions of reality. Network news executives, increasingly drawn from the ranks of the business community rather than from journalism, believed that the public did not want analyses of complex issues but simply entertainment. The symbiotic relationship between politicians and television journalists led to an emphasis on style over substance in the coverage of presidential campaigns so that, in 1988, the Pledge of Allegiance was a major campaign topic while the nation¡Çs huge deficit was virtually ignored.
- Because television brings images, as well as sound, into the home, it has been more criticized than radio for squandering its potential to educate and inform. Newton Minow, the FCC chairman in 1961, called television ¡Èa vast wasteland.¡É Others worried about the levels of violence in programming and its effects on children. Spurred by such criticisms, Congress in 1967 established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and, in 1969, the Public Broadcasting System (PBS), which received some federal money to support noncommercial and educational programs. But PBS must still rely on viewer support and corporate sponsorship to survive.
- Criticism of the medium has intensified, and many of the nation¡Çs problems, from widespread illiteracy to political apathy, have been attributed to television. [A] Critics on the right charge that television news is infused with a liberal bias and that programming contains too much sex. [B] Critics on the left counter that news programs serve to legitimize the status quo and marginalize any proposals for far-reaching social change. [C] Although television continues to provide viewers with common stories and scenes of events that help construct a sense of national unity, the ideology of television programming, especially the message that limitless consumerism is the most important freedom, has alarming political and cultural implications. [D]
- The word chaotic in the passage is closest in meaning to
- gradual
- disordered
- regulated
- sensational
- The word sponsored in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
- financed
- scripted
- dictated the content of
- broadcast
- In paragraph 2, what criticism does the author make about television in the 1950s?
- The quality of news reporting was poor.
- Television contributed to the feeling of cold war paranoia.
- Programs became more violent to attract audiences.
- Programming became increasingly uniform.
- The word primacy in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
- urgency
- importance
- excitement
- interest
- What positive quality does the author describe television as having in the 1960s?
- The quality of advertising was higher than in the 1950s.
- Programming was more varied than television in the 1950s.
- It revealed the major events of the time to a mass audience.
- There was a lower emphasis on consumerism.
- The word exacerbated in the passage is closest in meaning to
- healed
- made worse
- exaggerated
- misrepresented
- Which paragraph explains the relationship between television and politics?
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information.
- Television journalists were unlikely to question the information they received from their sources.
- Television journalists saw it as their job to challenge information from government sources.
- Television journalists found the government to be a valuable source of information.
- Television journalists found the government to be a misleading source of information.
- In paragraph 4, why does the author give the example of the 1988 presidential campaign?
- To show how television informs the general public about what is important.
- To show the close relationship between television journalists and politicians.
- To show how television often focuses on trivial political issues .
- To show how television news covers a broad range of issues.
- It can be inferred that Newton Minow described television as ¡Èa vast wasteland¡É because
- it depicted so much violence.
- it brought images as well as sound into the home.
- its quality was not as high as that of radio.
- it failed to provide education and information.
- The following sentence could be added to paragraph 6.
Also cultural critics lament the privatization of American life, with viewers staying home glued to the tube instead of participating in political or social activities.
Where would it best fit into the paragraph?
- What would be the best title for this passage?
- The Rise of Television Advertising.
- The History of Television News Coverage.
- The Development of Television Broadcasting.
- Government Regulation of Television.
¡Ø½µ´©ST¡Ù5/26¡ÖTOEFL® iBTÂкö¹ÖºÂ¡×ÌäÂê
Indo-European Languages
- Linguistics, the scientific study of language, can reach more deeply into the human past than the most ancient written records. It compares related languages to reconstruct their immediate [progenitors] and eventually their ultimate ancestor, or protolanguage. The protolanguage in turn illuminates the lives of its speakers and locates them in time and place.
- The science developed from the study of the Indo-European superfamily of languages, by far the largest in number of languages and number of speakers. Nearly half of the world's population speaks an Indo-European language as a first language; six of the 10 languages in which Scientific American appears, English, French, German, Italian, Russian and Spanish, belong to this superfamily.
- Over the past 200 years, linguists have reconstructed the vocabulary and syntax of the postulated Indo-European protolanguage with increasing confidence and [insight]. They have tried to unravel the paths by which the language broke into daughter languages that spread throughout Eurasia, seeking at the origin of those paths the homeland of the protolanguage itself. The early investigators placed the homeland in Europe and posited migratory paths by which the daughter languages evolved into clearly defined Eastern or Western branches. Recent research indicates that the protolanguage originated more than 6,000 years ago in eastern Anatolia — that part of Turkey that lies in Asia — and that some daughter languages must have differentiated in the course of migrations that took them first to the East and later to the West.
- The reconstruction of ancient languages may be likened to the method used by molecular biologists in their quest to understand the evolution of life. The biochemist identifies molecular elements that perform similar functions in widely [divergent] species to infer the characteristics of the primordial cell from which they are presumed to have descended. So does the linguist seek correspondences in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and vocalization among known languages in order to reconstruct their immediate forebears and ultimately the original tongue. Living languages can be compared directly with one another; dead languages that have survived in written form can usually be vocalized by [inference] from internal linguistic evidence. Dead languages that have never been written, however, can be reconstructed only by comparing their descendants and by working backward according to the laws that govern phonological change. Phonology, the study of word sounds, is all-important to historical linguists because sounds are more stable over the centuries than are meanings.
- Early studies of Indo-European languages focused on those most familiar to the original European researchers: the Italic, Celtic, Germanic, Baltic and Slavic families. Affinities between these and the ¡ÈAryan¡É languages spoken in faraway India were noticed by European travelers as early as the 16th century. That they might all share a common ancestor was first proposed in 1786 by Sir William Jones, an English jurist and student of Eastern cultures. He thus launched what came to be known as the Indo-European hypothesis, which served as the principal stimulus to the founders of historical linguistics in the 19th century.
- In the 2,000 years before the Indo-Europeans who remained in the homeland began to write history, the success of the agricultural revolution brought a population explosion to the Indo-European community. [The pressure of population, we may surmise, compelled the migration of successive waves of Indo-Europeans to fertile areas that were not yet cultivated.]
- The linguistic translocation of the Indo-European homeland from northern Europe to Asia Minor requires drastic revisions in theories about the migratory paths along which the Indo-European languages must have spread across Eurasia. Thus, the hypothetical Aryans who were said to have borne the so-called Aryan, or Indo-Iranian, language from Europe to India, and who were conscripted into service as the Nordic supermen of Nazi mythology turn out to be the real Indo-Iranians who made the more plausible migration from Asia Minor around the northern slopes of the Himalayan Mountains and down through modern Afghanistan to settle in India. [A] Europe is seen, therefore, as the destination, rather than the source, of Indo-European migration.
- [B] The more extensive migrations of speakers of the Greek-Armenian-Indo-Iranian dialects began with the breakup of the main Indo-European language community in the third millennium B.C. [C] Two groups of Indo-Iranian speakers made their way East during the second millennium B.C. One of them, speakers of the Kafiri languages, survives to this day in Nuristan, on the southern slopes of the Hindu Kush in northeast Afghanistan. [D]
- The word [progenitors] in the passage is closest in meaning to
- predecessors
- similarities
- old dialects
- common roots
- Why does the author mention Scientific American in paragraph 2?
- Because it is a very well-known magazine.
- Because it publishes articles about linguistics.
- Because over half the languages it¡Çs published in are Indo-European.
- Because all the languages it¡Çs published in are Indo-European.
- The word [insight] in the passage is closest in meaning to
- accuracy
- complexity
- ease
- understanding
- According to paragraph 3, what have linguists been trying to establish?
- Where the Indo-European languages originated from.
- The process by which the Indo-European languages spread.
- Why the Indo-European languages are so widespread.
- How the protolanguage developed.
- Why are molecular biologists mentioned?
- Because biologists have used the research methods first used by linguists.
- Because linguists based their methods on those used by biologists.
- As an example of how different the natural sciences are from linguistics.
- Because both linguists and molecular biologists work from the known to the unknown.
- The word [divergent] in the passage is closest in meaning to
- similar
- different
- familiar
- currently existing
- The word [inference] in the passage could best be replaced by
- guesswork
- deduction
- interpretation
- sampling
- What is the Indo-European hypothesis?
- The notion that most European languages as well as certain languages in India are descended from the same source.
- The idea that the major language families in Europe originally came from India.
- The observation that there are similarities between Indian and European languages.
- The belief that similarities between certain European and Indian languages cannot be easily explained.
- Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the underlined statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information.
- We are now certain that the Indo-European migration took place because the land could no longer sustain them.
- We can know from historical records that the Indo-Europeans migrated in order to find uncultivated fertile land.
- Although we can¡Çt know for sure, we can assume that shortage of uncultivated fertile land forced a series of Indo-European migrations.
- We can conjecture that the Indo-Europeans migrated when the land became infertile.
- What change in linguists¡Ç perception of the origins of Indo-European languages is discussed in paragraph 7?
- The Indo-European languages originated in Northern Europe rather than India.
- The Indo-European languages originated in Iran rather than India.
- The Indo-European languages originated in Asia Minor rather than Northern Europe.
- The Indo-European languages originated in India rather than Asia Minor.
- What is this passage mainly concerned with?
- The development of linguistics.
- The origin of the Indo-European languages.
- How ancient languages are reconstructed.
- Early migrations in Europe and Asia.
- Four boxes, A, B, C and D indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. ¡ÈSpeakers of the Hittite, Luwian and other Anatolian languages made relatively small migrations within the homeland, and their languages died there with them.¡É Where would it best fit?
- ¡¡
- ¡¡
- ¡¡
- ¡¡
- Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices (by numbering the boxes) that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The science of linguistics strives to reconstruct the ancestral languages from which modern languages are descended.
¢¢¡¡Linguists have long tried to identify the source of these Indo-European languages.
¢¢¡¡The Indo-European hypothesis dates from 1786 when it was first put forward by Sir William Jones.
¢¢¡¡The Indo-European superfamily of languages can be subdivided into a number of smaller families.
¢¢¡¡The methods linguists use to reconstruct ancient languages are similar to those used by molecular biologists to understand the evolution of life.
¢¢¡¡It used to be thought that the Indo-European languages originated in Europe but now it seems more likely that they came from Asia Minor.
¢¢¡¡This science developed from the recognition that there are similarities between languages spoken in Europe and ones spoken in India.
¡Ø½µ´©ST¡Ù5/26¡ÖTOEFL® iBTÂкö¹ÖºÂ¡×²òÀâ
¡¡·ëÏÀ¤«¤é¸À¤¦¤È¡¢TOEFL iBT¤Î¥ê¡¼¥Ç¥£¥ó¥°ÌäÂê¤Ç¤Ï±Ñ¸ì¥Í¥¤¥Æ¥£¥Ö¤Ë¶á¤¤±ÑʸÆÉ²òÎϤ¬µá¤á¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¾¯¤Ê¤¯¤È¤â¥ê¡¼¥Ç¥£¥ó¥°¤Ç¤Ï¡¢ÆüËܤˤ¤¤ë¤¢¤¤¤À¤Ë¤½¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤ÎǽÎϤò¤Ä¤±¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¸Â¤ê¡¢Í°ÕµÁ¤Êα³Ø¤Ï˾¤á¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£TOEFL¤Ë½ÐÂꤵ¤ì¤ëÄøÅ٤αÑʸ¤Ï°ìÆÉ¤·¤ÆÂç°Õ¤ò¤È¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢´ðËÜŪ¤ÊÆÉ²òÎϤò¤Ä¤±¤Þ¤·¤ç¤¦¡£
¡¡TOEFL iBT¤Ç¤Ï¥á¥â¤ò¼è¤ë¤³¤È¤¬µö¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£ºÇ½é¤Ë°ìÆÉ¤¹¤ëºÝ¡¢ÃÊÍ¤È¤ÎÍ×Ìó¤ò½ÐÍè¤ë¤À¤±Ã»¤¯¥á¥â¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¤Þ¤·¤ç¤¦¡£Ê¸¾Ï¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¯¤Æ¤â·ë¹½¤Ç¤¹¡£¤³¤ÎÎãÂê¤Ç¤ÏÎ㤨¤Ð°Ê²¼¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
¡¡¡¡Âè°ìÃÊÍÎò»Ë¸À¸ì³Ø¤ÎÌÜɸ¡á¶¦ÄÌ´ð¸ì¤Î¹½ÃÛ
¡¡¡¡ÂèÆóÃÊÍ¸¶ÅÀ¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤Ï¥¤¥ó¥É¡¦¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¸ì²¤Î¸¦µæ
¡¡¡¡Âè»°ÃÊÍȯÀ¸ÃϤϥȥ륳¤Î°ìÉô
¡¡¡¡Âè»ÍÃÊÍ¸¦µæË¡¡á¸½Â¸¤¹¤ë½ô¸À¸ì¤«¤é¶¦ÄÌÍ×ÁǤò¸«¤Ä¤±¤ÆÎà¿ä
¡¡¡¡Âè¸ÞÃÊÍ¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¸ì¤È¥¤¥ó¥É¸ì¤Î¶¦ÄÌÅÀ¤Ï16À¤µª¤«¤éÃΤé¤ì¡¢18À¤µª¤Ë¤¢¤ë¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹¿Í¤¬¡Ö¥¤¥ó¥É¡¦¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¸ì²¾Àâ¡×¤ò¤¿¤Æ¤ë
¡¡¡¡ÂèÏ»ÃÊÍÅÚÃÏÉÔ¤¬°Ü½»¤Î¸¶°ø
¡¡¡¡Âè¼·ÃÊÍ¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¤ÏȯÀ¸ÃϤ«¤é½ªÃåÃϤسʲ¼¤²
¡¡¡¡ÂèȬÃÊÍ°Ü½»¤Î¼ÂÎã
¡¡¤³¤Îºî¶È¤Ë¤è¤ê¡¢ÀßÌ䣴¡Ý£µ¡¢£¸¡Ý£±£³¤è¤¦¤Ê¥¿¥¤¥×¤ÎÌäÂ꤬²ò¤¤ä¤¹¤¯¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£¡ÊÆÃ¤Ë¿·¤·¤¯Æ³Æþ¤µ¤ì¤ëÀßÌ䣱£³¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊÍ×ÌóÌäÂê¤ò²ò¤¯¤Ë¤Ï·ç¤«¤»¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£¡Ë
¡¡ÀßÌ䣴¤ò¸«¤Æ¤ß¤Þ¤·¤ç¤¦¡£Âè»°ÃÊÍî¤Ç¤Ï¥¤¥ó¥É¡¦¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¸ì²¤ÎȯÀ¸ÃϤ¬ÏÀ¤¸¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤ò¤Ï¤¸¤á¤Ë³Îǧ¤·¤Æ¤ª¤±¤Ð¡¢ÀßÌ䣴¤ÏÌäÂê¤Ê¤¯²ò¤±¤Þ¤¹¡£ÀßÌä¤Ç¤ï¤¶¤ï¤¶Âè»°ÃÊÍî¡¢¤È»ØÄꤷ¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤¹¤«¤é¡£¡Ê¤¿¤À¤·¡¢°ÕÌ£¤ò¼è¤ê¤Ë¤¯¤¤¥»¥ó¥Æ¥ó¥¹¤¬´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£»°¹ÔÌÜ¡¢They ¤Ç»Ï¤Þ¤ëʸ¤ò°ÕÌõ¤·¤Æ¤ª¤¤Þ¤¹¡£¡Ö¸À¸ì³Ø¼Ô¤¿¤Á¤Ï¤³¤Î¶¦ÄÌ´ð¸ì¤¬»Ò¸À¸ì¤ËÊ̤졢¥æ¡¼¥é¥·¥¢ÂçΦÁ´ÂÎ¤Ë¤Ò¤í¤¬¤Ã¤¿·ÐÏ©¤ò²òÌÀ¤·¤è¤¦¤ÈÅØÎϤ·¤Æ¤¤¿¡£¤½¤Î½ÐȯÅÀ¤¬¡¢¶¦ÄÌ´ð¸ì¼«ÂΤÎȯÀ¸ÃϤÀ¤È¿®¤¸¤¿¤«¤é¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¡×¡Ë
¡¡ÀßÌ䣱£°¤ò¸«¤Æ¤ß¤Þ¤¹¡£¤³¤ÎÀßÌä¤âÃÊÍî¤ò»ØÄꤷ¤Æ¤¯¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¤Î¤Ç¡¢Âç°Õ¤ò¤È¤ì¤ì¤ÐÈæ³ÓŪ³Ú¤Ë²ò¤±¤ë¤Ï¤º¤Ç¤¹¡£¡Ê¤³¤ÎÂè¼·ÃÊÍî¤â¤ä¤äÆñ²ò¤Ê¥»¥ó¥Æ¥ó¥¹¤ò´Þ¤ó¤Ç¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£»°¹ÔÌܺǸ塢Thus ¤«¤é»Ï¤Þ¤ëʸ¤Î°ÕÌõ¤òÉÕ¤·¤Æ¤ª¤¤Þ¤¹¡£¡Ö¤«¤Ä¤Æ¤Ï²¾Àâ¾å¤Î¥¢¡¼¥ê¥¢¿Í¤¬¥¢¡¼¥ê¥¢¸ì¡¢¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï¥¤¥ó¥É-¥¤¥é¥ó¸ì¤ò¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¤«¤é¥¤¥ó¥É¤Ø±¿¤ó¤À¤È»×¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢¤µ¤é¤Ë¤Ï¡¢Èà¤é¤Ï¥Î¥ë¥Ç¥£¥Ã¥¯¤ÎĶ¿Í¤È¤·¤Æ¥Ê¥Á¤Î¿ÀÏóؤ˶î¤ê½Ð¤µ¤ì¤µ¤¨¤·¤¿¤Î¤À¤¬¡¢Èà¤é¤ÎÀµÂΤϡ¢¾®¥¢¥¸¥¢¤«¤éȯ¤·¤Æ¥Ò¥Þ¥é¥ä»³Ì®¤ÎË̤ò²ó¤ê¡¢¸½ºß¤Î¥¢¥Õ¥¬¥Ë¥¹¥¿¥ó¤òÄ̤äƥ¤¥ó¥É¤Ë¤¤¤¿¤ë¡¢¤È¤¤¤¦¤º¤Ã¤È¸½¼ÂŪ¤Ê°Ü½»¤ò¤·¤¿¼Âºß¤Î̱¡¢¥¤¥ó¥É-¥¤¥é¥ó²¤À¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¡×¡Ë
¡¡Â¾¡¢ÀßÌä¤ÎÃæ¤ÇÃÊÍ»ØÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¾ì¹ç¤Ç¤â¡¢¥Ñ¥Ã¥»¡¼¥¸¤Ç¸ÀµÚ¤µ¤ì¤¿½çÈ֤ǽÐÂꤵ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¤«¤é¡¢Ê¸Á´ÂΤι½À®¤òÇİ®¤·¤Æ¤ª¤¯¤³¤È¤Ï¶Ë¤á¤Æ½ÅÍפǤ¹¡£
¡¡
¡¡¸ì×ÃÌäÂê¤ò¤Ò¤È¤Ä¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤Þ¤·¤ç¤¦¡£ÀßÌ䣱¡¢¡Éprogenitor¡É ¤ò´Þ¤à¥»¥ó¥Æ¥ó¥¹¤òÌõ¤¹¤È¡Ö¸À¸ì³Ø¤Ï´ØÏ¢¤¹¤ë½ô¸ì¤ò¸¦µæ¤·¤Æ¡¢¤½¤ì¤é¤ÎľÀܤÎ-------( immediate progenitor )¤ä¡¢ºÇ½ªÅª¤Ë¤Ï¡¢°ìÈÖ½é¤á¤ÎÀèÁÄ ( ultimate ancestor )¡¢¤¹¤Ê¤ï¤Á¶¦ÄÌ´ð¸ì¤òºÆ¹½ÃÛ¤·¤è¤¦¤È¤¹¤ë¡£¡×¤Ç¤¹¤«¤é¡¢¤³¤³¤Ç¤ÏľÁ°¤Î·ÁÍÆ»ì ¡Èimmediate¡É ¤È ¡Èultimate¡É ¤¬ÂÐÈæ¤·¤Æ»È¤ï¤ì¡¢¤½¤Î¸å¤Ë¤ÏÀèÁÄ¡¢¤È¤¤¤¦°ÕÌ£¤ÎƱµÁ¸ì¤¬Æþ¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¿ä»¡¤Ç¤¤Þ¤¹¡£¤Ç¤¹¤«¤é¤³¤³¤Ç¤Ï¡¢Á°Ç¤¼Ô¡¢Á°¿È¤â¤·¤¯¤ÏÀèÁĤȤ¤¤¦°ÕÌ£¤ò»ý¤Ä¡ÊA¡Ë¤¬Àµ²ò¤È¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£¤¿¤À¤·¡¢¡Éprogenitor¡É ¤È¤¤¤¦Ã±¸ì¤òÃΤäƤ¤¤ì¤Ð3ÉäǽÐÍè¤ëÌäÂê¤Ç¤¹¡£Æñ¤·¤¤¸ÀÍդǤ¹¤¬¡¢±Ñ¸ì·÷¤ÇÂç³Ø°Ê¾å¤Îα³Ø¤òÌܻؤ¹Êý¤¬³Ð¤¨¤Ê¤¯¤Æ¤â¤¤¤¤¤Û¤É¤ÎÀìÌçÍѸì¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤Ç³Ð¤¨¤Æ²¼¤µ¤¤¡£¤Á¤Ê¤ß¤ËTOEFL¤ÎÌäÂ꽸¤Ç¡¢ÆÃ¤Ë¼«Á³²Ê³Ø·Ï¤Î¥ê¡¼¥Ç¥£¥ó¥°¤Î¥Ñ¥Ã¥»¡¼¥¸Ãæ¤Ë¸«¤é¤ì¤ëÀìÌçŪ¤Ê½Ñ¸ì¤Þ¤Çµ²±¤¹¤ëɬÍפϤ¢¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¤¬¡¢ËÜÆü¤´¾Ò²ð¤·¤¿Îý½¬ÌäÂê¤Ë¤Ï¤½¤ÎÎà¤Î¸ÀÍդϤ¢¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£¤³¤Î¥Ú¡¼¥¸¤ËÃΤé¤Ê¤¤Ã±¸ì¤¬¤¢¤Ã¤¿¤éÁ´¤Æ³Ð¤¨¤Æ¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡£
¡¡
¡¡¼¡¤ËÁÞÆþÌäÂ꣱£²¤ò¸«¤Þ¤¹¡£¸½¹ÔCBT¤Ç¤Ï¤â¤Ã¤È¤âÆñ²ò¤È¤¤¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿¥¿¥¤¥×¤ÎÌäÂê¤Ç¤¹¡£¤³¤³¤Ç¼è¤êÁȤó¤Ç¤¤¤¿¤À¤¤¤¿ÀßÌ䣱£²¤Ï¤½¤ÎÃæ¤Ç¤â¤«¤Ê¤êÆñÅ٤ι⤤¤â¤Î¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£ÁÞÆþÌäÂê¤Ç¤ÎºÇÂç¤Î¸°¤Ï¡¢Ä̾ïÁÞÆþ¤µ¤ì¤ë¤Ù¤Ê¸¤Î¤Ê¤«¤Ë±£¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë»Ø¼¨·ÁÍÆ/Âå̾»ì ¡Èthis / that / these / those¡É¤Ê¤É¤äÄê´§»ì ¡Èthe¡É ¤Ç¤¹¡£¤³¤ì¤é¤Î¸ÀÍÕ¤¬»Ø¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë̾»ì¤òÁܤ·¡¢¤½¤Îľ¸å¤ËÁÞÆþ¤¹¤ì¤Ð¤è¤¤¤ï¤±¤Ç¤¹¡£¤¿¤À¤·¤³¤ÎºîÀ郎ÄÌÍѤ·¤Ê¤¤¾ì¹ç¤â¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£º£Æü¤ÎÀßÌ䣱£²¤â¤½¤¦¤Ç¡¢¸°¤ÏÁÞÆþʸ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¢ÃϤÎʸ¤ÎÃæ¡¢ÂèȬÃÊÍî°ì¹ÔÌܤˤ¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£ÃÊÍî¤ÎËÁƬ¤ÇÈæ³Ó¤¹¤ëÂоݤâ¤Ê¤¤¾õÂÖ¤Çthe + Èæ³Óµé¤È¤¤¤¦¶Ë¤á¤ÆÄÁ¤·¤¤¤«¤¿¤Á¤¬»È¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤Ëµ¤¤Å¤¯¤«¡¢µ¤¤Å¤«¤Ê¤¤¤«¤¬¾¡Éé¤Îʬ¤«¤ìÌܤˤʤê¤Þ¤¹¡£¤³¤Îʸ¤ÎÁ°¤ÇÈæ³ÓŪ¾®µ¬ÌϤʰܽ»¤¬¸ÀµÚ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤«¤é¤³¤½, ¤½¤Î¼¡¤Ë¡Ö¤è¤êÂ絬ÌϤʰܽ»¡×¤È¸À¤¨¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤¹¡£¤¿¤À¤·¡¢·«¤êÊÖ¤·¤Þ¤¹¤¬ÁÞÆþÌäÂê¤Ï¤ä¤Ã¤«¤¤¤Ç¤¹¡£¤¢¤ëÄøÅÙ»þ´Ö¤ò¤«¤±¤Æ¤â¸°¤¬¸«¤Ä¤«¤é¤º¡¢ÁÞÆþ¤·¤Æ¤·¤Ã¤¯¤ê´¶¤¸¤é¤ì¤ë¸Ä½ê¤¬2²Õ½ê°Ê¾å¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤Ï¡¢»³´ª¤Ç·è¤á¤Æ¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡£
¡¡
¤µ¤Æ¡¢ÀßÌ䣱£³¤ÏiBT¤Ç½é¤á¤ÆÆ³Æþ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¢¹âÇÛÅÀ¤ÎÍ×ÌóÌäÂê¤Ç¤¹¡£ÆñÅ٤Ǥϡ¢ÁÞÆþÌäÂê¤ò¾å²ó¤ëºÇÂç¤ÎÆñ´Ø¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤Ç¤·¤ç¤¦¡£¤«¤Ê¤ê¹âÅÙ¤ÊÆÉ²òÎϤò»ý¤Ä¿Í¤Ç¤â¡¢½çÉÔÆ±¤Ë¤Ê¤é¤Ù¤é¤ì¤ë±Ñʸ¤«¤éÀµ¤·¤¤½çÈÖ¤ÇÍ×Ìóʸ¤òÁª¤ó¤Ç¤¤¤¯¤Î¤Ï»êÆñ¤Î¶È¤Ç¤¹¡£¾ÃµîË¡¡¢¤Ä¤Þ¤êÍ×Ìó¤È¤·¤ÆÉÔŬÀÚ¤Êʸ¤ò¸«¤Ä¤±¤ë¤³¤È¤Ëۤ¹¤ë¤Î¤¬¾åºö¤Ç¤¹¡£ÀßÌ䣱£³¤Î£µ¤Ä¤ÎÁªÂò»è¤Ë¾å¤«¤é½ç¤ËABCDEF¤È¤¤¤¦É乿¤ò¤Ä¤±¡¢¹Í¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤¤Þ¤·¤ç¤¦¡£
ÉÔŬÀÚ¤ÊÁªÂò»è¤ò¤ß¤Ä¤±¤ëºÝ¡¢¥Ñ¥Ã¥»-¥¸¤Ç½Ò¤Ù¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤ÆâÍÆ¤Î¥»¥ó¥Æ¥ó¥¹¤ò¸«¤Ä¤±¤ë¤Î¤ÏÈæ³ÓÅªÍÆ°×¤Ç¤¹¡£¤³¤³¤Ç¤ÏÁªÂò»èC¤¬¤½¤ì¤Ë¤¢¤¿¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£¡ÊÂèÆóÃÊÍî¤Ç¥¤¥ó¥É¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¸ì²¤ÏÈó¾ï¤ËÍ¥Àª¤Ê¸ì²¤Ç¿¤¯¤Î¸À¸ì¤ò´Þ¤à¡¢¤È¤Ï½Ò¤Ù¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¤¬¡¢¡Ésmaller families¡É ¤Ëʬ³ä¤Ç¤¤ë¡¢¤È¤¤¤¦ÆâÍÆ¤Ï¤É¤³¤Ë¤â¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£¡Ë·Ù²ü¤¹¤Ù¤¤Ï¡¢ÌäÂêʸ¤Ç¸À¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¤³¤í¤Î ¡È minor ideas in the passage ¡È ¤òɽ¸½¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ç¾Ê¤«¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¥»¥ó¥Æ¥ó¥¹¤Ç¤¹¡£ÏÀ»Ý¾å½ÅÍפǤʤ¤¶ñÂÎŪ¤Ê¾ðÊó¡ÊÃÏ̾¡¢¿Í̾¡¢Ç¯Âå¤Ê¤É¡Ë¤ä¡¢ÈæÓȤȤ·¤Æ¸ÀµÚ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë»ö¾Ý¤ÏÍ×Ìó¤ËÆþ¤ì¤ë¤Ù¤¤Ç¤Ï¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£¤³¤³¤Ç¤ÏÁªÂò»èB¤¬Á°¼Ô¡¢D¤¬¸å¼Ô¤Ë¤¢¤¿¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£¶ñÂÎŪ¤Ê¾ðÊó¤ä°õ¾ÝŪ¤ÊÈæÓȤϵ²±¤Ë»Ä¤ê¤ä¤¹¤¤¤Î¤Ç¡¢ËÜÈ֤Ǥ⿤¯¤Î¼õ¸³¼Ô¤¬ B ¤ä D ¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊÁªÂò»è¤òÁª¤ó¤Ç¤·¤Þ¤¦¤À¤í¤¦¤ÈͽÁÛ¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¤Ê¤ª´°À®¤·¤¿Í×Ìó¤Ï¡¢»Ï¤á¤Î ¡È The science of linguistics strives ---¡È ¤Ç»Ï¤Þ¤ë¥»¥ó¥Æ¥ó¥¹¤Î¸å¡¢F ¢ª A ¢ª E ¤È¤¤¤¦½çÈ֤ǤĤʤ¬¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
¡¡Àµ²ò°ìÍ÷
¡¡¡¡ÀßÌ䣱¡§¡ÊA¡Ë
¡¡¡¡ÀßÌ䣲¡§¡ÊC¡Ë
¡¡¡¡ÀßÌ䣳¡§¡ÊD¡Ë
¡¡¡¡ÀßÌ䣴¡§¡ÊA¡Ë
¡¡¡¡ÀßÌ䣵¡§¡ÊD¡Ë
¡¡¡¡ÀßÌ䣶¡§¡ÊB¡Ë
¡¡¡¡ÀßÌ䣷¡§¡ÊB¡Ë
¡¡¡¡ÀßÌ䣸¡§¡ÊA¡Ë
¡¡¡¡ÀßÌ䣹¡§¡ÊC¡Ë
¡¡¡¡ÀßÌ䣱£°¡§¡ÊC¡Ë
¡¡¡¡ÀßÌ䣱£±¡§¡ÊB¡Ë
¡¡¡¡ÀßÌ䣱£²¡§¡ÊB¡Ë
¡¡¡¡ÀßÌ䣱£³¡¨Answer Choices, ¾å¤«¤é½ç¤Ë°ìÈÖÌÜ¡¢¸ÞÈÖÌÜ¡¢Ï»ÈÖÌܤΥ»¥ó¥Æ¥ó¥¹¤òÁªÂò¡£
IELTS½¸ÃæÂкö¥³¡¼¥¹¡Ê¥»¥ß¥×¥é¥¤¥Ù¡¼¥È¡Ë
2·î17Æü¤è¤ê¡¢IELTS½¸ÃæÂкö¥³¡¼¥¹¤ò¥»¥ß¥×¥é¥¤¥Ù¡¼¥È¥ì¥Ã¥¹¥ó¡Ê¶µ»Õ£±Ì¾¤ËÂФ·¡¢À¸ÅÌ£²¡Á£³Ì¾¡Ë¤Î·Á¼°¤Ç³«¹Ö¤¤¤¿¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£
¡Ô¥³¡¼¥¹¤ÎÆÃħ¡Õ
¡þ ¾®¿Í¿ô¥¯¥é¥¹¤Ç½¸ÃæÅª¤Ë¸ú²Ì¤ò¾å¤²¤ë¡£
¡þ ¿ô¿¤¯¤ÎÎý½¬ÌäÂê¤Ë¼è¤êÁȤߡ¢Å°ÄìŪ¤Ê»î¸³Âкö¤Ç¹âÆÀÅÀ¤òÌܻؤ¹¡£
¡þ Ëè²ó¤Î½ÉÂê¤ä²ÝÂê¤Ç¡¢¥é¥¤¥Æ¥£¥ó¥°ÎϤä¥ê¡¼¥Ç¥£¥ó¥°ÎÏ¥¢¥Ã¥×¤ò¿Þ¤ë¡£
¡þ IELTSÂкö¤Î·Ð¸³¤òËÉ٤˻ý¤Ä¡¢¥Í¥¤¥Æ¥£¥Ö¥¹¥Ô¡¼¥«¡¼¤Ë¤è¤ë¸ú²ÌŪ¤Ê¼ø¶È¡£
¡Ô¤³¤ó¤ÊÊý¤Ë¤ªÁ¦¤á¡Õ
¡¶á¡¹Î±³Ø¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬·è¤Þ¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤Æ¡¢ºÇ½ªÅª¤ËIELTS¤Î¥Ð¥ó¥É¤ò¼èÆÀ¤·¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤¤¤±¤Ê¤¤´ü¸Â¤Þ¤Ç»þ´Ö¤¬Ìµ¤¤¡ª¡ª¤È¤¤¤¦Êý¡£
ILC¤Î½¸ÃæÂкö¥³¡¼¥¹¤Ï¡¢ILC¤ÎÄ̾ï¤Î¥°¥ë¡¼¥×¥³¡¼¥¹¤Ç3¥ö·î¤«¤±¤Æ³Ø½¬¤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤ò¡¢1¥ö·î´Ö¡¢¥»¥ß¥×¥é¥¤¥Ù¡¼¥È¥ì¥Ã¥¹¥ó¤Ç½¸Ã椷¤Æ¹Ô¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£
IELTS½¸ÃæÂкö¥³¡¼¥¹¤Î¾ÜºÙ¤ÏILCÅìµþ¹»¤Þ¤Ç¤ªÌä¹ç¤»²¼¤µ¤¤
¼¡À¤ÂåTOEFL® iBT¥»¥ß¥Ê¡¼³«ºÅ¤Î¤ªÃΤ餻
ILC¹ñºÝ¸ì³Ø¥»¥ó¥¿¡¼¤Ç¤ÏÆüËܤÇ2006ǯ5·î¤«¤éƳÆþ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡Ö¼¡À¤ÂåTOEFL® iBT¡×¤Î
¥»¥ß¥Ê¡¼¤ò³«ºÅ¤¤¤¿¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£(¼¡À¤ÂåTOEFL® ¤È¤Ï¡©¡Ë
Æü»þ¡§12·î19Æü(·î¡Ë19¡§00¡Á21¡§00
¾ì½ê¡§ILC¹ñºÝ¸ì³Ø¥»¥ó¥¿¡¼¡¡Åìµþ¹»
ÆâÍÆ¡§¼¡À¤ÂåTOEFL® iBT³µÍסʸÀ¸ì¡§ÆüËܸì¡Ë
¡¡¡¡¡¡¼¡À¤ÂåTOEFL® iBTÌäÂê±é½¬¡Ê¸À¸ì¡§±Ñ¸ì¡¢É¬Íפ˱þ¤¸ÄÌÌõͤê¡Ë
»²²ÃÎÁ¡§ÌµÎÁ
¤ª¿½¹þ¤ßÊýË¡¡§E¥á¡¼¥ë¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï¤ªÅÅÏá¢FAX¤Ë¤Æ¤ªÌ¾Á°¤È¤ªÅÅÏÃÈÖ¹æ¤ò
¤ªÃΤ餻¤Î¾å¤´Í½Ì󲼤µ¤¤¡£
¿½¹þÀè¡§ILC¹ñºÝ¸ì³Ø¥»¥ó¥¿¡¼¡¡Åìµþ¹»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ÅÅÏÃ03-5157-1701
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡FAX¡¡03-5157-1703
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡E¥á¡¼¥ë¡§tokyo@ilc-japan.com
TOEIC®ºÇ¿·¥Æ¥¹¥È¤Î²òÀâ¤È¥Ç¥â¥ì¥Ã¥¹¥ó
11·î27Æü¡¢Âè 119²ó¸ø³«¥Æ¥¹¥È¤ÎPart VI¡¢´Ö°ã¤¤Áܤ·¤«¤é°ìÌä¡£²¼Àþ¤Ï¤¢¤¨¤Æ°ú¤¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£´Ö°ã¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¸Ä½ê¤ò¸«¤Ä¤±¡¢¤É¤¦Ä¾¤·¤¿¤éÀµ¤·¤¤±Ñʸ¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤«¤â¹Í¤¨¤Æ¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡£
¡Ê¥Ò¥ó¥È¡§Àܳ»ì¤Ç¤Ä¤Ê¤¬¤ì¤¿¤ê¡¢´Ø·¸»ì¤Ç¤¯¤¯¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¸Â¤ê¡¢°ì¸Ä¤Î±Ñʸ¤Ï¼ç¸ì¤Èư»ì¤ò°ì¸Ä¤Å¤Ä´Þ¤ß¤Þ¤¹¡£¡Ë
Everyone is interested in taking part in the talent show should contact Ms A.
( ¡öa talent show = ¤Î¤É¼«Ëý¤Ê¤É¤ÎÁǿͷݤΥ·¥ç¡¼)
----------------------------------------------
¼ç¸ì¤Ï¤â¤¦¤É¤¦¸«¤Æ¤âºÇ½é¤ÎEveryone¤Ç¤¹¤Í¡£
¤Ç¤Ï¼¡¤Ëư»ì¤ò·èÄꤷ¤Þ¤¹¡£Âè°ì¸õÊä¤Ïľ¸å¤Î is interested¡¢ ÂèÆó¸õÊä¤ÏÊ¸Èø¤ÎÊý¤Î should contact ¤Ç¤¹¡£
ư»ì¤Ï°ìʸ¤Ë°ì¤Ä¤Ç¤¹¤«¤é¤É¤Á¤é¤«°ì¤Ä¤ò²¿¤È¤«¡Ö»ÏËö¡×¤·¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£
Ê¸Èø¤Î should contact Ms A¤Ï»Í¸ì¤â¤¢¤ë¤Î¤Çñ½ã¤Ë¾Ã¤¹¤³¤È¤Ï¤Ç¤¤Ê¤¤¤·¡¢Ê¸°Õ¤ò¹Í¤¨¤ë¤È´Ø·¸»ì¤äÀܳ»ì¤Ç¤¯¤¯¤ë¤³¤È¤âÉÔ²Äǽ¤Ç¤¹¡£¡ÊTOEIC¤Îʸˡ¤Î¥Ñ¡¼¥È¤Ç¡¢Ê¸°Õ¤òÇİ®¤»¤º¤Ë¹âÆÀÅÀ¤ò¤¢¤²¤ë¤³¤È¤ÏÉÔ²Äǽ¤Ç¤¹¡£Pt. V, VI ¤âVIIƱÍÍ¡¢ËܼÁŪ¤Ë¤Ï¥ê¡¼¥Ç¥£¥ó¥°¤Î¥Æ¥¹¥È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¢¤È¤¤¤ï¤ì¤ë½ê°Ê¤Ç¤¹¡£¡Ë¤Ç¤¹¤«¤é¤³¤ÎÉôʬ¤¬Ê¸¤Îư»ì¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
¤½¤¦¤¹¤ë¤È is interested¤ÎÉôʬ¤Î¡Ö»ÏËö¡×¤¬É¬Íפˤʤê¤Þ¤¹¡£¤³¤³¤Ç»È¤¨¤ë¤Î¤¬¸½ºßʬ»ì¡¦²áµîʬ»ì¤Ë¤è¤ë̾»ì¤Î½¤¾þ¡¢¤È¤¤¤¦µ»½Ñ¤Ç¤¹¡£is ¤ò¼è¤Ã¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¨¤Ð¤è¤¤¤Î¤Ç¤¹¡£¡Ê´Ø·¸Âå̾»ì who ¤ò is ¤ÎÁ°¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ is ¤«¤é show ¤Þ¤Ç¤ò¤¯¤¯¤Ã¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¦¡¢¤È¤¤¤¦¼ê¤â¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£¡Ë
Everyone is interested in taking part in the talent show should contact Ms A. (ÉÔÀµ²ò)
Everyone interested in taking part in the talent show should contact Ms A. (Àµ²ò)
¡Ê¤½¤Î¥¿¥ì¥ó¥È¥·¥ç¡¼¤Ë»²²Ã¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¶½Ì£¤Î¤¢¤ë¿Í¤Ï³§¡¢A¤µ¤ó¤ËÏ¢Íí¤·¤Æ²¼¤µ¤¤¡£¡Ë
Everyone who is interested in taking part in the talent show should contact Ms A. (Àµ²ò)
»²¹Í
Hamlet was written by Shakespeare is famous. (ÉÔÀµ²ò)
Hamlet written by Shakespeare is famous. (Àµ²ò)
Hamlet that was written by Shakespeare is famous. (Àµ²ò)
TOEIC®¤Îʸˡ¤ÎÊÙ¶¯¤¬ÂçÊѤʤΤϡ¢¾åµ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Êʸ¤Î¹ü³Ê¤ò¤á¤°¤ë´¶³Ð¤òË᤯¤ÈƱ»þ¤Ë¡¢¸Ä¡¹¤Îñ¸ì¤ä½Ï¸ì¤Î°ÕÌ£¤äÍÑË¡¤ò³Ð¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤«¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤Ç¤¹¡£º£²ó¤Ï¤¿¤Þ¤¿¤Þ¹ü³Ê¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëÌäÂ꤬¤¤¤Ä¤â¤è¤ê¿¤¯½ÐÂꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£
¤´¾µÃΤÎÊý¤â¿¤¤¤È»×¤¤¤Þ¤¹¤¬¡¢TOEIC®¤Ç¤ÏÍèǯ¤Î¸Þ·î¤ËÂçÉý¤Ê¥ê¥Ë¥å¡¼¥¢¥ë¤òͽÄꤷ¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¤¬¡¢¤É¤ó¤ÊÊѹ¹¤¬²Ã¤¨¤é¤ì¤è¤¦¤È¡¢¾åµ¤·¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ê´ðËÜŪ¤Ê¿öÀª¤Ë¤ÏÊѤê¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤â¤Î¤È»×¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
ILC¹ñºÝ¸ì³Ø¥»¥ó¥¿¡¼Åìµþ¹»¤ÎTOEIC®¥³¡¼¥¹¡¦¥Ç¥â¥ì¥Ã¥¹¥ó¤Ç¤Ï¡¢TOEIC®¼õ¸³¿ô½½²ó¤Î¥×¥í¤¬Ëè²óºÇ¿·¸ø³«¥Æ¥¹¥È¤ÎÌäÂê·¹¸þ¤òʬÀϤ·¡¢¤È¤ë¤Ù¤Âкö¤ò¾Ò²ð¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£À§È󤪵¤·Ú¤Ë¤´»²²Ã¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡£
¼¡À¤ÂåTOEFL®¥»¥ß¥Ê¡¼11/27¤Î·ë²ÌÊó¹ð
µî¤ë11·î27Æü(Æü)¤ËILC¹ñºÝ¸ì³Ø¥»¥ó¥¿¡¼Åìµþ¹»¤Ë¤Æ¼¡À¤ÂåTOEFL(R)¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¥»¥ß¥Ê¡¼¤ò³«ºÅ¤¤¤¿¤·¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£
¿¿ô¤Î»²²Ã¼Ô¤Ë¸æÍè¹»¤¤¤¿¤À¤¤Þ¤·¤¿¡ª
¡Ê¼Ì¿¿¤Ï¸á¸å¤ÎÉô¤Ç¤Î¼ø¶È¤ÎÍͻҤǤ¹¡Ë
¼¡À¤ÂåTOEFL¡ÊR)¤Ï¤Þ¤À¤Þ¤À¾ðÊ󤬾¯¤Ê¤¯¡¢2006ǯ²Æ°Ê¹ß¤Ë¼õ¸³¤ò¸¡Æ¤Ãæ¤ÎÊý¤Ë¤È¤Ã¤Æ¤Ï¤¿¤¯¤µ¤ó¤ÎͰյÁ¤Ê¾ðÊ󤬥»¥ß¥Ê¡¼¤Ç¶µ¼ø¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£
¹Ö±é¤¤¤¿¤À¤¤¤¿¥é¥ó¥É¥ë¥Õ¡¦¥¹¥é¥Ã¥·¥ã¡¼Çî»Î¤ÏÆüËܸÀ¸ì¥Æ¥¹¥È³Ø²ñ²ñĹ¤Ç¤â¤¢¤ê¡¢TOEFL¥Æ¥¹¥È¤ÎºîÌä¤Ê¤É¤Î·Ð¸³¤â¤ª¤¢¤ê¤ÎÊý¤Ç¤¹¤¬¡¢¡Ö¤³¤Î¥Æ¥¹¥È¤Ïº£¤Þ¤Ç¤Î±Ñ¸ì¥Æ¥¹¥È¤È¤Ï¤Þ¤Ã¤¿¤¯Ê̤Υƥ¹¥È¤ËÀ¸¤Þ¤ì¤«¤ï¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡ª¡×¤È¥³¥á¥ó¥È¤·¤Æ¤ª¤é¤ì¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£
Next Generation TOEFL® (TOEFL® iBT) Seminar
Next Generation TOEFL® (TOEFL® iBT) is scheduled to be introduced from May, 2006 in Japan.
The ¡ÈStructure Section¡É in TOEFL® CBT will be abandoned and Integrated Tasks will be introduced to the TOEFL® iBT. Integrated Tasks involve combining the skills including reading, listening, speaking, or writing.
International Language Centre, Tokyo (ILC Tokyo) is going to introduce its ¡ÈTOEFL® iBT Preparation Course.¡É¡¡Before the introduction, ILC Tokyo will run a TOEFL® iBT Seminar as follows.
Seminar Date: SUNDAY November 27, 2005
¡¡¡¡¡¡TOEFL® iBT Seminar will be delivered¡¡in English
¡ÔSession 1¡Õ¡¡10¡§00-12¡§00: Seminar for TOEFL® Instructors¡¡
Fee:¡¡¡ï5,000/person
Instructor: Dr. Randolph Thrasher ¡ÊPresident, Japan Language Testing Association¡¢ Advisor,¡¡ILC¡Ë
Contents¡¡
a. Overview and features of TOEFL® iBT
b. Comparison among PBT, CBT, and iBT¡¡
c. Skills required in taking iBT¡¡
d. Japanese Learners' weak points in taking iBT¡¡
e.How to teach iBT especially the "Integrated Tasks"
Intermission:12:00 to 13:00
¡ÔSession 2¡Õ¡¡13¡§00-15¡§00: Seminar for TOEFL® iBT Test Takers
Fee¡§¡ï1,000/person
Instructor: Dr. Randolph Thrasher
Contents
a. Overview and features of TOEFL® iBT
b. Comparison among PBT, CBT, and iBT¡¡
c. Skills required in taking iBT¡¡
d. Japanese Learners' weak points in taking iBT¡¡
e.How to study iBT especially the "Integrated Tasks"
f. A £äemonstration lesson about iBT.
TOEFL® iBT Âкö¥³¡¼¥¹ Ê罸³«»Ï
ILC¹ñºÝ¸ì³Ø¥»¥ó¥¿¡¼Åìµþ¹»¤Ç¤Ï¡¢TOEFL®¡¡iBTÂкö¥³¡¼¥¹¤òÍèǯ1·î¤è¤ê³«¹Ö¤¤¤¿¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£
¡ú¡¡¡ú¡¡ILC¤ÎTOEFL® iBTÂкö¥³¡¼¥¹¤Î¼ç¤ÊÆÃħ¡¡¡ú¡¡¡ú
£±¡¥TOEFL® iBT¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¡¦ÌäÂê·Á¼°¤Ë´°Á´Âбþ
£²¡¥¼ÂÁ©ÌäÂêÃæ¿´¤Î¼ø¶ÈÆâÍÆ
£³¡¥³Æ¥»¥¯¥·¥ç¥ó¤Îʸ¾ÏĹʸ²½¤äÅý¹çÌäÂê¤ÎÅоì¤Ëȼ¤¤É¬ÍפȤʤëÌܤâ¼è¤ê¡¢¸À¤¤´¹¤¨¡¢Í×Ìó¤Îµ»½Ñ¤Î»ØÆ³
ILCÅìµþ¹»¤Î¥µ¥¤¥È¤Ç¾ÜºÙ¤ò¸«¤ë¤Ë¤Ï¤³¤Á¤é¤ò¥¯¥ê¥Ã¥¯¤·¤Æ²¼¤µ¤¤
¤½¤ì¤ËÀè¶î¤±¤Þ¤·¤Æ¡¢11·î27Æü(Æü)¤ËILCÅìµþ¹»¤Ç¥»¥ß¥Ê¡¼¤ò¼Â»Ü¤¤¤¿¤·¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£
¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¤ÎÊÆ¹ñûÂ硦Âç³Ø¤¬Æþ³Ø¾ò·ï¤Î°ì¤Ä¤È¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë±Ñ¸ìǽÎϻTOEFL®¡£¤³¤ÎTOEFL®¤¬ÆüËܤÇ2006ǯ5·î¤«¤é¼¡À¤ÂåTOEFL®¡Ê°Ê²¼TOEFL® iBT¡Ë¤Ø¤È°Ü¹Ô¤È¤Ê¤ê¡¢Æñ°×ÅÙ¤¬ÂçÉý¤Ë¥¢¥Ã¥×¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£¤³¤ì¤«¤éTOEFL®¡¡iBT¤ò¼õ¸³¤·Êƹñα³Ø¤ò¹Í¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤ë¼õ¸³À¸¤Ï¡¢º£¤Þ¤Ç¤È¤ÏÁ´¤¯°ã¤Ã¤¿¼õ¸³½àÈ÷¤¬É¬ÍפȤʤê¤Þ¤¹¡£
¶ñÂÎŪ¤Ë¤ÏÆüËܿͤ¬ÆÀ°Õ¤È¤·¤Æ¤¤¿¡ÖñÆÈ¤Ç¤ÎʸˡÌäÂê¡×¤¬ÇѻߤȤʤꡢ¡Ö¥¹¥Ô¡¼¥¥ó¥°¡×¤¬Æ³Æþ¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¤Þ¤¿¡ÖÆÉ¤ó¤Çʹ¤¤¤ÆÏ乡ס֯ɤó¤Çʹ¤¤¤Æ½ñ¤¯¡×¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿¡Ö¥ê¡¼¥Ç¥£¥ó¥°¡¢¥ê¥¹¥Ë¥ó¥°¡¢¥é¥¤¥Æ¥£¥ó¥°¡¢¥¹¥Ô¡¼¥¥ó¥°¡×¤Î4µ»Ç½¤¬ÍÍ¡¹¤Ê·Á¤ÇÁȤ߹ç¤ï¤µ¤ì¤¿ÌäÂ꤬½ÐÂꤵ¤ì¡¢¤è¤ê¹âÅ٤ʱѸìÎϤ¬Í׵ᤵ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
ILC¤Ç¤Ï¾åµ¤ÎÂçÉý²þÄû¤ËÂбþ¤·¤¿¡ÖTOEFL® iBTÂкö¥³¡¼¥¹¡×¤ò2006ǯ1·î¤«¤é³«¹Ö¤·¤Þ¤¹¤¬¡¢¤½¤ì¤ËÀè¶î¤±TOEFL®¡¡iBT¼õ¸³´õ˾¼ÔµÚ¤ÓTOEFL®Âкö¹ÖºÂôÅö¹Ö»Õ¤òÂоݤȤ·¤Æ¡Ö¼¡À¤ÂåTOEFL®¡ÊTOEFL®¡¡iBT¡Ë¥»¥ß¥Ê¡¼¡×¤ò°Ê²¼¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë³«ºÅ¤¤¤¿¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£Åö¥»¥ß¥Ê¡¼¤ÎÃæ¤ÇTOEFL®¡¡iBT¤Î³µÍפò²òÀ⤹¤ë¤È¤È¤â¤Ë¡¢¤½¤Î¸ú²ÌŪ¤Ê¹¶Î¬Ë¡¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¥¢¥É¥Ð¥¤¥¹¤ò¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£¤Þ¤¿TOEFL®¡¡iBT¤ÈƱÍͤηÁ¼°¤ÎÌäÂê¤Ë¿¨¤ì¤ÆÄº¤¯¡Ö¥Ç¥â¥ó¥¹¥È¥ì¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¥ì¥Ã¥¹¥ó¡×¤â¹Ô¤Ê¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£
³«ºÅÆü¡§Ê¿À®17ǯ11·î27Æü¡¡ÆüÍËÆü¡¡13¡§00-15¡§00¡¡TOEFL®¼õ¸³¼Ô¥»¥ß¥Ê¡¼
¡ÊTOEFL®¡¡iBT¥»¥ß¥Ê¡¼¤Ï±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤Æ¹Ô¤Ê¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£Ã¢¤·¼õ¸³À¸¸þ¤±¥»¥ß¥Ê¡¼¤ÏÆüËܸìÊ»µ¤Î»ñÎÁ¤ò»ÈÍѤ·¤ÆÀâÌÀ¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£¡Ë
¼õ¹ÖÎÁ¡§¡ï1,000/¿Í
ôÅö¹Ö»Õ¡¡¥é¥ó¥É¥ë¥Õ¡¦¥¹¥é¥Ã¥·¥ã¡¼Çî»Î
ÆâÍÆ¡¡Contents
a. TOEFL® iBT¤Î³µÍ×¤ÈÆÃħ¡¡
b. µìTOEFL®¡ÊPBT¤äCBT¤È¤ÎÁê´Ø¡¢Èæ³Ó¡Ë¡¡¡¡
c. iBT¤ÇɬÍפȤµ¤ì¤ë¥¹¥¥ë¡¡
d. iBT¤ò¼õ¸³¤¹¤ë¾ì¹ç¤ÎÆüËܿͤμåÅÀ¡¡
e.TOEFL®¡¡iBT¤Î³Ø½¬ÊýË¡ÆÃ¤ËÅý¹ç·¿ÌäÂê¤Ø¤ÎÂбþÊýË¡
f. ¥Ç¥â¥ó¥¹¥È¥ì¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¥ì¥Ã¥¹¥ó
10¡§00-12¡§00¡¡TOEFL®¹Ö»Õ¸þ¤±¥»¥ß¥Ê¡¼
¼õ¹ÖÎÁ:¡¡¡ï5,000/¿Í
ôÅö¹Ö»Õ¡¡¥é¥ó¥É¥ë¥Õ¡¦¥¹¥é¥Ã¥·¥ã¡¼Çî»Î¡¡¡ÊÆüËܸÀ¸ì¥Æ¥¹¥È³Ø²ñ²ñĹ¡¢ILC¹ñºÝ¸ì³Ø¥»¥ó¥¿¡¼¸ÜÌä¡Ë
Contents¡¡ÆâÍÆ
a. TOEFL® iBT¤Î³µÍ×¤ÈÆÃħ
b. µìTOEFL®(PBT¤äCBT)¤È¤ÎÁê´Ø¡¢Èæ³Ó¡¡
c. iBT¤ÇɬÍפȤµ¤ì¤ë¥¹¥¥ë¡¡
d. iBT¤ò¼õ¸³¤¹¤ë¾ì¹ç¤ÎÆüËܿͤμåÅÀ¡¡
e.TOEFL®¡¡iBT¤Î¶µ¼øÊýË¡¡¢ÆÃ¤ËÅý¹ç·¿ÌäÂê¤Ø¤ÎÂбþÊýË¡
µÙ·Æ:12:00 ¡Á 13:00
¤ª¿½¹þ¤ÏÅö¥»¥ß¥Ê¡¼¤Î¤ª¿½¹þ¤Ï½ªÎ»¤¤¤¿¤·¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£
