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English and World Englishes


Answers for Student Times Article £±£°

Selecting Factors

Questions £±¡Ý£³ (Keywords have been highlighted)

Which THREE of the following statements are true of Robert Gardner¡Çs theory of student motivation?

a) The desire to gain some external reward influences learner motivation.
b) The theory was developed over £´£° years ago.
c) His research focused on local factors that influence a learner¡Çs motivation.
d) The personality and age of a student affects motivation.
e) Motivation is not the most important aspect of a student¡Çs approach to learning a language.
f) Motivation is influenced by a student¡Çs feelings towards a particular group of people.

The correct answers are A, C and F (in any order).

Statement A) paraphrases the idea of Gardiner¡Çs concept of Instrumental Motivation. The idea of ¡Æexternal reward¡Ç is illustrated in the reading passage by ¡Èpassing an examination, getting a better job, or promotion.¡É

Statement C) paraphrases information in the reading passage that refers to; ¡Ègiving motivation a social dimension¡É, and ¡ÈFocusing on language learners in the multicultural setting of Canada.¡É This information is similar in meaning to the idea of ¡Ælocal factors¡Ç in statement C).

The reading passage refers to the ¡Èpositive attitudes a learner has to the target language community and their desire to interact with members of that community or even become part of that community.¡É This is paraphrased in Statement F) by ¡Æfeelings towards a particular group.¡ÇSentence Completion

Questions £±-£µ (Keywords have been highlighted

Complete the sentences below using words taken from the reading passage. Use no more than THREE words for each answer.

£±) Mori¡Çs research found out that integrating into a community was less important than ______________

£²) A new approach to student motivation argued by Dornyei relates to the idea of _______________

£³) The concepts of ¡Æthe ideal self¡Ç and ¡Æthe ought self¡Ç represent what students want to be and what is ___________

£´) The concept of an imaginary global community develops in learners __________

£µ) Yashima claims that students appear to be motivated to study a second language if they have interests in global affairs, _________________


By scanning the text for the keywords (or paraphrase) in the questions, you are able to find the specific area. Scanning for people¡Çs names should not take you much time. Then you can read in detail in order to complete the missing information.

£±) The reading passage refers to ¡Ètravelling and studying overseas, rather than a desire to integrate into the target language community, were viewed as strong motivational factors in learning a second language.¡É This is paraphrased in 1) and the key point here is ¡Æwas less important than¡Ç Therefore, the correct answer is ¡Ètravelling and studying¡É

£²) For this question, you should scan the text for the word Dornyei. The keyword ¡Æidea¡Ç is a paraphrase of the word ¡Ætheory¡Ç in the reading passage. Likewise, ¡Ænew approach¡Ç is a paraphrasing of ¡Ænew conceptualisation¡Ç The correct answer is ¡Èself and identity¡É

£³) The keywords ¡Æthe ideal self¡Ç and ¡Æthe ought self¡Ç are taken from the passage while the expression ¡Æwant to be¡Ç is a paraphrase of ¡Èwould like to be¡É So, the correct answer is ¡Èexpected of them¡É

£´) ¡ÆImaginary global community¡Ç is paraphrased in the text by ¡Æan imagined community¡Ç and the term ¡Æconcept¡Ç is similar in meaning to ¡Æperspective¡Ç The correct answer is therefore ¡Èan imagined identity¡É

£µ) Scanning the text for the name Yashima will help you locate the specific area quickly. The term ¡Æglobal affairs¡Ç is a paraphrase of ¡Æinternational issues¡Ç so the correct answer is ¡Èwork and activities¡É

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E-mail: tokyo@ilc-japan.com

Åê¹Æ¼Ô ilc : January 25, 2008

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English and World Englishes

Keywords in the questions are in bold.

Questions £±- £¶

Do the following statements agree with the information in the reading passage?
On your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
<strong>NOT GIVEN
if there is no information on this

1. Many countries use English because it is the easiest language to learn.
2. Industrialized Western nations are the owners of English.
3. Local cultural and social situations have an effect on the use of English.
4. World Englishes share similarities and differences.
5. All people involved in English Language Teaching have reached a consensus about what variety to teach.

ANSWERS

1. While the first paragraph describes how many countries use English and for what purposes, there is no reference to English being the easiest language to learn. Therefore, the correct answer is Not Given.

2. The last sentence of the first paragraph states that ¡Èit is inappropriate to view the language as the sole property of any one community of people, be they English, American, Australian or any other.¡É Statement 2 contradicts this idea by referring to English speaking nations as the owners of English. The passage says that it is inappropriate to view English as the sole property of them. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

3.The statement paraphrases the information in the reading passage i.e. ¡Èinfluenced by and mixed with specific cultural and social realities.¡É Therefore, the correct answer is True.
4.The statement refers to similarities and differences which are a paraphrase of the information in the passage i.e. ¡Èshave much in common, they are also quite unique¡É. Therefore, the correct answer is True

5.The third paragraph claims that all the people involved in the English language teaching industry need to ask the question of which variety to teach. This does not mean they have reached an agreement or a consensus, it means that these people are undecided about which variety to teach and must think more about the issue. Therefore the correct answer is False.

Questions 6-12

Key words are in bold.

6. The growth in English varieties means students should be
a.focused on learning Native speaker¡Çs form of English.
b.conforming to one style of English
c.respected as individuals and not unsuccessful speakers of English.
d.taught by native speakers.

7. People who speak World Englishes are
a.better than native speakers.
b.different from native speakers.
c.worse than native speakers.
d.similar to native speakers

8. Course books should concentrate on
a. local cultures and people.
b. traditional English culture.
c. the international use of English.
d. developing speaking skills

9. The development of a local variety of English in Japan needs to involve
a. communication practice.
b. using native English speaking Teachers c. the use of non-native English speaking Teachers.
d. educating Japanese people about English culture.

ANSWERS

6.The fourth paragraph begins with ¡Èthe emergence of¡É which is paraphrased in the stem with the growth of. It continues by talking about how ¡Èstudents should be treated as people in their own right, not as deficient native speakers¡É. This is very similar to the information in option C, which uses the synonyms ¡Èrespected as individuals and not unsuccessful speakers¡É. Therefore, the correct answer is Option C. The other options argue against the general view of this passage.

7.The fourth paragraph continues by explaining that ¡Èspeaking differently from each other which is not better or worse, but just different¡É. Therefore, the correct answer is Option B.

8.The keyword in the stem is course books and this is paraphrased in the sixth paragraph with the words ¡Ètexts and materials¡É (scanning). It also says that these texts and materials should ¡Èfocus on regional cultures¡É which is similar in meaning to local cultures and people. Therefore, the correct answer is Option A.

9.The reference to Japan helps you locate the correct area very quickly (scanning). Then, a detailed reading of this section of the passage tells you that local teachers or ones from the region can be very successful English teachers. Therefore, the correct answer is Option C.


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Åê¹Æ¼Ô ilc : December 28, 2007

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¡¡Putting the Fun Back into Feeling Fit¡¡

Keywords in the paragraph headings are in bold.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A) to E)

1) Sport is best when it is outside.
2) Getting inspiration from elsewhere.
3) A variety of ways to stay healthy.
4) Better than the television.
5) An unusual mix.
6) A short and easy option for professionals.
7) Not just for experienced sports people.
8) An enjoyable assessment of personal fitness.

ANSWERS

A. In the first paragraph, there are expressions relating to fitness activities that paraphrase the key words in the heading. For instance, ¡Èno shortage of easy exercise options¡É, ¡Èan abundance of¡É, ¡Èvarieties of ¡È, ¡Èthese options¡É, and ¡Èa large number of¡É. Therefore, the correct answer is 3).

B. The first sentence of this paragraph refers to ¡Èsomething more and different¡É while the rest of the paragraph has references to a combination of fun and fitness, ¡Èsports and entertainment¡É, and ¡Èa new type of amusement park ¡È. These expressions paraphrase the idea of an unusual mix in paragraph heading 5).

C. This paragraph focuses on some of the activities available at Muscle Park and the kind of ability visitors need to do them. In the middle of this paragraph there is information about visitors receiving an award in the form of a physical ability assessment. In the last sentence, there is also a reference to visitors enjoying themselves. So, the correct paragraph heading is 8).

D. The paragraph concentrates on the influence the TV show ¡ÈMuscle Ranking¡É had on the creation of ¡ÈMuscle Park¡É. It refers to the park being a ¡Èspin off¡É of the TV show and that viewer feedback from the TV show was ¡Èthe start of the idea for an amusement park¡É. The correct paragraph heading is 2)

E. This paragraph refers to a variety of people who are able to use Muscle Park. For example, there are references to athletes, couples on a date and tourists. This illustrates that it is not just only experienced athletes who can use the facilities. The correct paragraph heading is 7)


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Åê¹Æ¼Ô ilc : November 24, 2007

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¡¡"Nowadays, I live in Kichijoji. However, I was brought up on Sado Island and moved to Kichijoji when I entered university. While it is a nice place to live at the moment, I am planning on moving in the next 12 months."

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¡¡²óÅúÎã¡§"I'd like to talk about a three-week holiday in Australia that was really enjoyable. The places I went to in Australia were Melbourne, Sydney and Byron Bay, and I travelled there in May 2006, just over a year ago. While travelling with friends is a great experience, on this holiday I went by myself because my friends in Tokyo did not have the time or money to go with me. However, I had a fantastic time travelling around these places in Australia. I had the chance to do many things during this holiday. For example, I was able to try surfing for the first time when I was in Sydney. It was very difficult. What's more, I saw fairy penguins outside of Melbourne, and they were so beautiful. Unfortunately, we were not allowed to take photos of them. One of the reasons why I enjoyed this holiday was that it was my first time in Australia and the first time I travelled alone. So it was an exciting challenge for me. As a result of being by myself, I was able to meet many other people travelling around, and could make new friends from different countries. I still keep in contact with these people. By far the greatest moment on this trip was seeing the penguins walk up the beach to their nests in the sand dunes. It was really amazing to see.
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¥Æ¡¼¥Þ¡§The Internet and shopping
¼ÁÌä¡ÊQ¡Ë¡§Why do you think people use the Internet for shopping?
²óÅúÎã¡ÊA¡Ë¡§"I think convenience is one of the main reasons people use the Internet for shopping. For example, people can use the Internet to shop at any time and place they choose. In addition, many people find it very convenient to have purchases delivered to their home address instead of going to a shop to buy the same goods."
¡¡Q¡§Why doesn't everyone use it in this way?
¡¡A¡§"Actually, I believe some people are reluctant to shop online as they prefer to see the goods in a shop before they decide to make a purchase. One problem with Internet shopping is that when the purchase arrives, the buyer may find the goods are not suitable. Furthermore, some people don't like to shop online due to security fears. By this I mean fears over the security of their credit card details."
¡¡Q¡§What kinds of things are easy to buy and sell online? Can you give some examples?
¡¡A¡§"Basically, goods that are easy to buy and sell online include goods where no physical delivery is involved, such as holidays and other travel bookings. Also, goods such as books and CDs, where there is less need for the buyer to see the goods before purchasing, are easy to buy and sell online."
¡¡Q¡§Do you think shopping on the Internet will be more or less popular in the future? Why?
¡¡A¡§"In my opinion, Internet shopping will become more popular. The reason why I think this is that future generations are likely to be more comfortable with using the technology so there will be a decrease in the number of people who are unsure of Internet shopping. As a consequence, Internet shopping might one day be the most common form of shopping."

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¼ÁÌä¡§What is the public transport system like in your city?
²óÅúÎã¡§Personally, I tend to think that the public transportation in my city is inadequate. The reason why I think so is that there are not enough trains and the buses are always late. As a consequence, many people, including myself, are not satisfied with the transport service that is provided.

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¼ÁÌä¡§Do you think it is better to live in the centre of town or out in the countryside?
²óÅúÎã¡§If I had to choose between the two, I would much rather live in the city since there are far more things for me to do there. For example, there is much more entertainment, such as theatres, galleries, restaurants and bars, and there are significantly more employment opportunities. On the other hand, a country lifestyle would be attractive because of the peace and quiet, and the fact that there is much more nature there than in the city. However, the centre of town is the best place for me.

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¼ÁÌä¡§What do you think is the best way for a tourist to travel in your country?
²óÅúÎã¡§While there are many ways to move around Japan, in my opinion the most enjoyable way is to use the train network. The reason why I think using trains is the best way is that my country, Japan, has very efficient services to all parts of the country. A further reason is that travelling by train allows tourists to meet many local people and to see the beautiful countryside. Because of these reasons, I believe train travel is the best way for a visitor to travel around Japan.

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¼ÁÌä¡§What sort of things do you read? Why?
²óÅúÎã¡§Well, when I was younger, I used to read many comics because they were funny and easy to read. However, nowadays, I tend to read a lot of university articles because I am currently studying Art History at university. While this kind of reading is useful for my studies, I would prefer to be reading books, magazines or Internet sites I personally like. So, after finishing my studies, I will concentrate on these kinds of reading materials.

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²óÅúÎã¡§In my opinion, employment in the future will change a lot. People will be doing a lot more work from home since the Internet will be more popular and useful in people's working lives. Also, I think more people will have their own businesses and less people will be working in big companies. In the future, I hope to start up my own company, and I am planning to retire by the age of 55.

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¼ÁÌä¡§What effect has the tourism industry had on your country?
²óÅúÎã¡§Historically, tourism has not had a major influence on Japan. However, these days, more and more foreign people are visiting Japan to experience its beautiful nature and unique culture. This is a good thing because people can learn many important things about one another. Learning about other countries and teaching people about my wonderful country are the positive effects of tourism. I want to see this beneficial exchange continue in the future.

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